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Binary Operations in Relational Algebra & SQL

This document discusses various binary operations in relational algebra and SQL, including set operations like UNION, INTERSECTION, and DIFFERENCE. It also covers different types of joins, such as equi-join, natural join, and theta join. Examples are provided for each operation using relations and SQL queries. Various exercises are also included to allow practicing these different binary operations.

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130 views15 pages

Binary Operations in Relational Algebra & SQL

This document discusses various binary operations in relational algebra and SQL, including set operations like UNION, INTERSECTION, and DIFFERENCE. It also covers different types of joins, such as equi-join, natural join, and theta join. Examples are provided for each operation using relations and SQL queries. Various exercises are also included to allow practicing these different binary operations.

Uploaded by

smitha_gururaj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binary Operations in Relational Algebra & SQL

Set Based: UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE

UNION operation
Example

Suppose names of people are distinct


A B RESULT=STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) UNION (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);
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Union Compatibility
Requirement for the traditional set operators Strong requirement
Same number of columns Each corresponding column is compatible Positional correspondence

INTERSECTION operation
Example

Suppose names of people are distinct


A B RESULT=STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) INTERSECT (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);
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SET DIFFERENCE operation


Example

STUDENT - INSTRUCTOR

INSTRUCTOR - STUDENT

Suppose names of people are distinct


A

B B

(d) RESULT=INSTRUCTOR - STUDENT (e) RESULT=STUDENT - INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) MINUS (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);

CARTESIAN PRODUCT operation


Faculty

Example

FacSSN 111-11-1111 222-22-2222 333-33-3333

Faculty PRODUCT Stude nt


FacSSN 111-11-1111 111-11-1111 111-11-1111 222-22-2222 222-22-2222 222-22-2222 333-33-3333 333-33-3333 333-33-3333 StdSSN 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555

Stude nt
StdSSN 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555

Relational Algebra: RESULT= Faculty Student SQL: SELECT * FROM Faculty, Student;
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EQUI-Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

EQUI-Join EQUI-Join Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty


FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

RESULT= Faculty (Faculty.FacSSM=Offering.FacSSN)Offering; SELECT * FROM Faculty, Offering WHERE Faculty.FacSSN=Offering.FacSSN;


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Exercise 1 for Equi-Join

SQL query
a. T1
(T1.P=T2.A)T2

Result

b. T1

(T1.Q=T2.B)T2

NATURAL-Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty


FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

RESULT= Faculty * Offering; SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE NATURAL JOIN DEPARTMENT


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THETA Join
Example:

RESULT=Car {CarPrice>BoatPrice} Boat; Result=R1 {Condition} R2; Condition: {<, >, =, , , }; EquiJoin when =. SELECT * FROM Car, Boat WHERE CarPrice>BoatPrice;

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THETA Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

EQUI-Join Theta-Join Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty


FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

SELECT * FROM Faculty, Offering WHERE Faculty.FacSSM=Offering.FacSSN;

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Exercise 2
Department Student
Dno Dname DHeadSsn Location

SID

Sname

Dno

SAge

Faculty

FSsn

Fname

Dno

FAge

Write Relational Algebra and SQL queries for following questions: What are the names of students who are from department Computer Science? What are the names of faculties who are younger than a student? What are the names of faculties who works in Keller Hall?
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Summary
Binary Operation
Operation from Set Theory
UNION INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE CARTESIAN PRODUCT

Join Operation
Equi-Join Natural Join Theta Join
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Reference
Materials in the slides are from Elmasri, Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6th, Addison Wesley and Michael V. Mannino, Database: Design, Application Development & Administration, Third Edition, McGraw Hill

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