Chapter 001

Chapter 1 The Journey Begins: Introduction to Community Health Nursing
Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Community Health (CH) and Public Health (PH)

CH = identification of needs and the protection and improvement of collective health within a geographically defined area
PH = activities that society undertake to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
Concept of Community
Collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging Examples of some communities: Citizens of a town Group of farmers Prison community Tiny village in Appalachia
Members of Mothers Against Drug Driving (MADD)

Professional nurses
Three Types of Communities Geographic = city, town, neighborhood Common-interest = church, professional organization, people with mastectomies Community of solution = group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them
Question Is the following statement true or false? A community of solution is based on its location.
Answer False A community of solution is one consisting of a group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them.
Example of Communities of Solution
Populations and Aggregates

Population
All people occupying an area or all of those who share one or more characteristics
People do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group Aggregate Mass or grouping of individuals considered as a whole Loosely associated with one another
Concept of Health
Health: holistic state of well-being, including soundness of mind, body, and spirit Wellness: health plus the capacity to develop ones potential, leading to a fulfilling and productive life Illness: state of being relatively unhealthy
Health Continuum
Leading Health Indicators

Physical activity Overweight and obesity Tobacco use Substance use Responsible sexual behavior Mental health Injury and violence Environmental quality Immunization Access to health care
Question
Is the following statement true or false? Populations and communities are terms that can be used interchangeably.
Answer
False Populations and communities refer to two different things. A population differs from a community in that the individuals of the population do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group. Communities involve people who chose to interact with one another because of common interests, characteristics, or goals.
Six Components of Community Health Practice

Promotion of health Prevention of health problems Treatment of disorders Rehabilitation Evaluation
Research
Health Promotion
All efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness Goal: raise level of wellness for individuals, families, populations, and communities Initiatives for health promotion as a nation Healthy People, Promoting Health, Preventing Disease: 1990 Health Objectives for the Nation, and Healthy People 2000 Healthy People 2010
Prevention of Health Problems

Anticipating and averting problems or discovering them as early as possible to minimize potential disability and impairment Three levels Primary: Keep illness or injury from occurring Secondary: Detect and treat existing disease Tertiary: Reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function
Characteristics of Community Health Nursing

Field of nursing with a shift from individual to aggregate Combines nursing science with public health science
Community-based & population-focused

Public health sciences & nursing theory Focus on population-level outcomes Emphasis on prevention
Question
Which activity would reflect a community health nurse working at the primary prevention level? a. Teaching safe sex practices to teenagers
b. Performing adult hypertension screening

c. Encouraging women to do breast self-examination d. Helping with a post-mastectomy exercise program
Answer
a. Teaching safe sex practices to teenagers An educational program that teaches safe sex practices is an example of primary prevention. Performing hypertension screening and encouraging breast self-examination are examples of secondary prevention level activities. A post-mastectomy exercise program would be an example of a tertiary prevention level activity.
Characteristics of Community Health Nursing (cont.)

Eight characteristics: Population is client or unit of care. Primary obligation is to achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole. Processes used include working with the client as an equal partner. Primary prevention is the priority. Strategies are selected to create health environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.
Characteristics of Community Health Nursing (contd)

Eight characteristics:
There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity.
Optimal use of resources to ensure best overall improvement in health of population is a key element. Collaboration with a variety of other professions, organizations, and entities is the most effective way to promote and protect health of people.
Healthy People 2010 Internet Resources

Increase the quality and years of healthy life http://www.healthypeople.gov/Publications/ Healthy People 2010 fact sheet http://www.healthypeople.gov/About/hpfact.ht m Leading Health Indicators http://www.healthypeople.gov/lhi/priorities
Healthy People in Healthy Communities

http://www.healthypeople.gov/Publications/Heal thyCommunities2001/default.htm Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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Chapter 1 The Journey Begins: Introduction to Community Health Nursing

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Community Health (CH) and Public Health (PH)

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Members of Mothers Against Drug Driving (MADD)

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Example of Communities of Solution

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Populations and Aggregates

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Leading Health Indicators

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Six Components of Community Health Practice

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Prevention of Health Problems

Characteristics of Community Health Nursing

Community-based & population-focused

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

b. Performing adult hypertension screening

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Characteristics of Community Health Nursing (cont.)

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Characteristics of Community Health Nursing (contd)

Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Healthy People 2010 Internet Resources

Healthy People in Healthy Communities

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