Done by: Hamzah Shibli Bin Ismail Fairoz Hasfiyah Binti Hassan Mohd.

Adri Bin Maili Nur Safawanie Binti Mohd. Syahril Rosman Bin Drahman Siti Amerah Binti Ramli

 Each

individual is unique. Act freely based on their needs Able to learn and develop study skills

Gagne & Berliner (1991) Self-directed learning and not rely on others Develop their creativity and thinking skills Responsible for their own ability to gain the knowledge.

 Students

easy to learn what they want to learn and what they wanted to know. How to learn (gain knowledge) > a lot of knowledge Feeling (perasaan) = fact (fakta) Students learn better in a safe environment

Two psychologists Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Abraham MaslowsTheory Self-actualization (Maslow) human beings strive for selfactualization, or realization of their full potential, once they have satisfied their more basic needs.

Self- actualizing Awareness and acceptance of themselves Openness and spontaneity The ability to enjoy work and see work as a mission to fulfill The ability to develop close friendships without being overly dependent on other people A good sense of humor The tendency to have peak experiences that are spiritually or emotionally satisfying

Carl Rogers Theory Person- centered theory Self- concept most important feature of personality, and it includes all the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs people have about themselves Believed that people are aware of their selfconcept

 Open

minded Trust our own thinking and feeling (Bad and Good) Responsible onto yourself Creative and active in social activities

2 categories of learning Cognitive About the subject in the school Experience Related with thing that we had done Eg : cooking

1.

Humanistic Content Curricula (Student`s lives) Teaches topics that directly relevant to the student`s lives. Examples: Drugs Awareness Gangsterism Steeling

2.

Humanistic Process Curricula (Life skills-The whole) Focuses on the whole student Can include teaching assertiveness training. Examples: Cooking Accounting Gardening

3.

Humanistic school and group structure (restructuring learning environment to pursue humanistic aims) Restructuring the whole timetable and school environment in order to facilitate humanistic teaching or individual classes.

Humanist theory
Each Individual is unique and that all individuals have a desire to grow in a positive way. Emphasizes on holism : the need to study the whole person. Focuses on the hidden internal experiences and emphasis the role of feelings must be incorporated into the learning experience The learning should be student centred. learning cannot take place unless both the cognitive and affective domains are involved Motivation is derived from each persons needs, subjective feelings about self and the desire to grow. The humanist teacher is a facilitator, not a disseminator, of knowledge. Participatory and discovery methods would be favoured instead of traditional didacticism (i.e. learn parrot-fashion every thing the teacher says) The humanistic teacher is concerned with the child's affective (or emotional) needs. Feeling positive about oneself facilitates learning.

Behaviourist theory
Learning from the behaviourist point of view involves gaining knowledge from observable behaviour learning has occurred when you can see changes in behavior. a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli. a learner starts out with a clean slate, and behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement. Reinforcement, positive or negative, increases the possibility of an event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative, decreases the possibility of an event happening again. Learn primarily through observation

Humanist theory Advantages -contends that feelings and emotions are the keys to learning, communication and understanding Tell me how you feel is much more important statement to humanists rather than Tell me what you think -Spontaneity -Importance of feelings and emotions The right of individual to make their own choices -Human Creativity Weaknesses -promoting self-centred learners who cannot take criticisms or compromise their deeply felt positions -he touchy-feely approach of the humanists makes some learners and educators feel truly uncomfortable.

Behaviourist theory Advantages -Easily controlled by teacher -Some learners benefit from repetition -Rewards and punishments are clear -Ease of motivation Weaknesses - Ignores thought processes and emotions -Repetition may become boring -Totally teacher orientated -Little or no input from learners

Compari son Among L. Theories List of Key Theorist s Role of Learners

Constructivism
John Dewey Jerome Bruner Merrill Lev Vygotsky Seymour Papert
-

Humanistic
Abraham Harold Maslow Carl Rogers James F.T Bugental

Learning is an active process/pupils participate actively in Learning is an active process in which learning activities learners construct new ideas or concepts based - Pupils determine the learning materials, method of upon their current/pastknowledge, social learning, interactions & motivation affect the construction. quantity of learning & values - making a right or wrong choice is entirely the pupils responsibility

Role of Educators focus on making connections between Teache facts & fostering new understanding in students. rs Instructors tailor their teaching strategies to student
responses and encourage students to analyse, interpret & predict information. Teachers also rely heavily on open-ended questions and promote extensive dialogue among students.

facilitator and organiser to motivate pupils to use their own

learning strategy to achieve self-perfection - be aware of pupils need help pupils to acquire knowledge - guide pupils so that their potentials can be develop to the optimal level - create non-threatening environment / condition

- teaching and learning strategy should be designed

to follow individual needs and emotional development - teaching and learning activities should be related to Constructivism calls for the elimination of a actual life experience to instil values of living skills among standardized curriculum. pupils Instead, it promotes using curricula customized to the - school provide opportunity for pupils to discover students' prior knowledge. themselves and master reflective thinking skill to access their own self and to acquire the ability for self discipline Also, it emphasizes hands-on problem solving.

Behavioural psychologists 1.Learners need grades, gold stars, and other incentives as motivation to learn and to accomplish school requirements. 2.Students should be graded according to uniform standards of achievement which the teacher sets for the class. 3.Curriculum should be organized along subject matter lines that are carefully sequenced. Cognitive psychologists 1. Teachers need to determine what students are thinking about while solving math problems. 2.The teacher should help students to monitor and control their own learning behaviour.

Humanistic psychologists 1. Learners can be trusted to find their own goals and should have some options or choices in what they learn at school. 2. Students should set their own individual standards and should evaluate their own work. 3.The school experience should help students to develop positive relations with their peers
.

 Criticisms
This

of the humanistic approach

approach may be better at describing behavior than explaining behavior It is too selfish in focus humanistic theorists focus on what is good for the self but often ignore what is good for the general welfare of others It is too optimistic the belief that all humans are driven by a positive and innate growth potential maybe nave & unrealistic

 The

focus is on teaching students rather than subjects. In teaching a particular subject, focus on the students first then subject. Treat students as individuals and then treat them as students. Accept each student unconditionally. Explore the potential and individual differences according to their ability.

 Help

students establish their realistic goals. Always engage students in group activities, such as cooperative learning. This can build social and emotional skills. Teacher becomes a facilitator. Respecting others can help effective learning.

 Learning

activities and materials should be determined by the student. This is to increase student motivation. Curriculum focuses on what the children are concerned about. Lesson planning should take into account interests, preferences, willingness to learn and individual differences.

Discuss how teachers can assist in the learning of the students based on the learning model assigned to you group.

 Teacher

should be the role model or act as the facilitator. Shows appropriate behavior and avoid inappropriate behavior. A teacher is also expected to provide a reason and motivation for each task, teach general learning skills, foster group work, and if possible, give a choice of tasks to the students. - (Huitt, 2001)

 On

whole school level: - Open classrooms, class meetings, alternative modes of assessment. On class level (should support): - Students having control over daily activities. - Students monitor their own progress (selfevaluation) - Teacher does not control the learning process (only as a facilitator)

 Values:

- Balancing teaching and achieving academic skills with the need to acquire personal and life skills. - Helping to involve children with disabilities in mainstream class. (Putnam, 1993) Example: Jigsaw - Each member gets separate parts of the whole. Must teach what they have learned to other members of the group.

Group Investigation
-

Students select topic - divided into sub-topics, based on student's interests. Groups are formed to investigate each sub-topic. Each group formulates a plan and assigns responsibilities. Members can work individually or with others. At the end, they will share information with the rest of the class. Teachers help with academic and social skills.

 Bill

Huit, Homepage, Humanistic Approach to Teaching, retrieved on 15 July 2013, at http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/h uman.htm Mourad Boumahdi, Youtube, retrieved on 15 July, at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOpj8S65 c-g