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Editing, Coding and Tabulation

The document discusses data preparation and description techniques used in research. It covers editing raw data to detect errors, coding responses numerically or categorically, and content analysis to interpret open-ended questions. Methods described include field and central editing, coding responses, handling missing data, and entering data into databases or spreadsheets. Graphical and statistical methods to describe distributions are also outlined, such as frequencies, measures of central tendency, variability, and shape of distributions.

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sunru24
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1K views31 pages

Editing, Coding and Tabulation

The document discusses data preparation and description techniques used in research. It covers editing raw data to detect errors, coding responses numerically or categorically, and content analysis to interpret open-ended questions. Methods described include field and central editing, coding responses, handling missing data, and entering data into databases or spreadsheets. Graphical and statistical methods to describe distributions are also outlined, such as frequencies, measures of central tendency, variability, and shape of distributions.

Uploaded by

sunru24
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16-1

Chapter 16
Data Preparation and Description

16-2

Learning Objectives
Understand . . . importance of editing the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions how coding is used to assign number and other symbols to answers and to categorize responses use of content analysis to interpret and summarize open questions

16-3

Learning Objectives
Understand . . . problems and solutions for dont know responses and handling missing data options for data entry and manipulation

Data Preparation

Editing and coding of data Tabulation Graphic presentation of data

16-5

Editing
Accurate Consistent

Arranged for simplification

Criteria

Uniformly entered

Complete

16-6

Field Editing Field editing review Entry gaps identified Callbacks made Validate results by re-interviewing

16-7

Central Editing
Be familiar with instructions given to interviewers and coders Do not destroy the original entry Make all editing entries identifiable and in standardized form Initial all answers changed or supplied Place initials and date of editing on each instrument completed

16-8

Exhibit 16-2 Sample Codebook

16-9

Exhibit 16-3 Precoding

16-10

Exhibit 16-3 Coding OpenEnded Questions

16-11

Coding Rules

Exhaustive Categories should be

Appropriate to the research problem

Mutually exclusive

Derived from one classification principle

16-12

Content Analysis

QSRs XSight software for content analysis.

16-13

Types of Content Analysis


Syntactical

Referential Propositional

Thematic

16-14

Types of Content Analysis

Syntactical

words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs

16-15

Types of Content Analysis

Referential

words, phrases, and sentences and may be objects, events, persons, etc

16-16

Types of Content Analysis

Propositional

Assertions about an object, event, or person

16-17

Types of Content Analysis

Thematic

topics contained within and across texts

16-18

Exhibit 16-4 & 16-5 Open-Question Coding


Locus of Responsibility
A. Company B. Customer C. Joint Company-Customer F. Other

Mentioned
________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Not Mentioned
________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Locus of Responsibility
A. Management 1. Sales manager 2. Sales process 3. Other 4. No action area identified B. Management 1. Training C. Customer 1. Buying processes 2. Other 3. No action area identified D. Environmental conditions E. Technology F. Other

Frequency (n = 100)
10 20 7 3 15 12 8 5 20

16-19

Exhbit 16-7 Handling Dont Know Responses


Question: Do you have a productive relationship with your present salesperson?
Dont Know
38% 32

Years of Purchasing
Less than 1 year 1 3 years

Yes
10% 30

No
40% 30

4 years or more
Total

60
100% n = 650

30
100% n = 150

30
100% n = 200

16-20

Data Entry
Keyboarding Database Programs

Digital/ Barcodes Voice recognition

Optical Recognition

16-21

Missing Data

Listwise Deletion

Pairwise Deletion

Replacement

16-22

Key Terms
Bar code Codebook Coding Content analysis Data entry Data field Data file Data preparation Database Dont know response Editing Missing data Optical character recognition Optical mark recognition Precoding Record Spreadsheet Voice recognition

16-23

Appendix 16a
Describing Data Statistically

16-24

Frequencies
A
Unit Sales Increase (%)
5 6 7 8 9 Total

Frequency
1 2 3 2 1 9

Percentage
11.1 22.2 33.3 22.2 11.1 100.0

Cumulative Percentage
11.1 33.3 66.7 88.9 100

B
Unit Sales Increase (%)
Origin, foreign (1) 6 7 8 5 6 7 9 Total

Frequency
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9

Percentage
11.1 22.2 22.2 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 100.0

Cumulative Percentage
11.1 33.3 55.5 66.6 77.7 88.8 100.0

Origin, foreign (2)

16-25

Distributions

16-26

Characteristics of Distributions

16-27

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean

Median

Mode

16-28

Measures of Variability
Variance Quartile deviation Standard deviation

Dispersion
Interquartile range Range

16-29

Summarizing Distributions with Shape

16-30

Symbols
Variable
Mean Proportion Variance Standard deviation Size Standard error of the mean Standard error of the proportion

Population
2 N

Sample

_
p

s2 s n

_ Sx
Sp

16-31

Key Terms
Central tendency Descriptive statistics Deviation scores Frequency distribution Interquartile range (IQR) Kurtosis Median Mode Normal distribution Quartile deviation (Q) Skewness Standard deviation Standard normal distribution Standard score (Z score) Variability Variance

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