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Chapter 1

This document discusses control terminology and strategies for a blending system process. It defines key terms like controlled variables, manipulated variables, and disturbance variables. It then uses a blending tank example to illustrate these concepts. The example controls the outlet concentration by adjusting the inlet flow rate. The document evaluates different control strategies for this system, including measuring just the outlet concentration, just the inlet disturbance, or both. It categorizes the strategies as feedback or feedforward control and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

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Izzat Fakhri
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65 views27 pages

Chapter 1

This document discusses control terminology and strategies for a blending system process. It defines key terms like controlled variables, manipulated variables, and disturbance variables. It then uses a blending tank example to illustrate these concepts. The example controls the outlet concentration by adjusting the inlet flow rate. The document evaluates different control strategies for this system, including measuring just the outlet concentration, just the inlet disturbance, or both. It categorizes the strategies as feedback or feedforward control and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

Uploaded by

Izzat Fakhri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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a) prototype system-blending tank

b) feedback control
c) implementation of control
d) justification of control
Introduction to Process
Control
Control Terminology
controlled variables - these are the variables which
quantify the performance or quality of the final
product, which are also called output variables.
manipulated variables - these input variables are
adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled variables
at their set-points.
disturbance variables - these are also called "load"
variables and represent input variables that can
cause the controlled variables to deviate from their
respective set points.
set-point change - implementing a change in the
operating conditions. The set-point signal is
changed and the manipulated variable is adjusted
appropriately to achieve the new operating
conditions. Also called servomechanism (or "servo")
control.
disturbance change - the process transient
behavior when a disturbance enters, also called
regulatory control or load change. A control system
should be able to return each controlled variable
back to its set-point.
Control Terminology(2)
1.1 I llustrative Example: Blending system
Notation:
w
1
, w
2
and w are mass flow rates
x
1
, x
2
and x are mass fractions of component A
Assumptions:
1. w
1
is constant
2. x
2
= constant = 1 (stream 2 is pure A)
3. Perfect mixing in the tank
Control Objective:
Keep x at a desired value (or set point) x
sp
, despite variations in
x
1
(t). Flow rate w
2
can be adjusted for this purpose.
Terminology:
Controlled variable (or output variable): x
Manipulated variable (or input variable): w
2
Disturbance variable (or load variable): x
1
Design Question. What value of is required to have
2
w
?
SP
x x =
Overall balance:
Component A balance:
1 2
0 (1-1) w w w = +
1 1 2 2
0 (1-2) w x w x wx + =
(The overbars denote nominal steady-state design values.)
At the design conditions, . Substitute Eq. 1-2, and
, then solve Eq. 1-2 for :
SP
x x =
SP
x x =
2
1 x =
2
w
1
2 1
(1-3)
1
SP
SP
x x
w w
x

Equation 1-3 is the design equation for the blending


system.
If our assumptions are correct, then this value of will keep
at . But what if conditions change?
x
SP
x
Control Question. Suppose that the inlet concentration x
1

changes with time. How can we ensure that x remains at or near
the set point ?
As a specific example, if and , then x > x
SP.

SP
x
1 1
x x >
2 2
w w =
Some Possible Control Strategies:
Method 1. Measure x and adjust w
2
.
Intuitively, if x is too high, we should reduce w
2
;
2
w
Manual control vs. automatic control
Proportional feedback control law,
( ) ( )
2 2
(1-4)
c SP
w t w K x x t ( = +

1. where K
c
is called the controller gain.
2. w
2
(t) and x(t) denote variables that change with time t.
3. The change in the flow rate, is proportional to
the deviation from the set point, x
SP
x(t).
( )
2 2
, w t w
Method 2. Measure x
1
and adjust w
2
.
Thus, if x
1
is greater than , we would decrease w
2
so that

One approach: Consider Eq. (1-3) and replace and with
x
1
(t) and w
2
(t) to get a control law:
1
x
2 2
; w w <
1
x
2
w
( )
( )
1
2 1
(1-5)
1
SP
SP
x x t
w t w
x

Because Eq. (1-3) applies only at steady state, it is not clear


how effective the control law in (1-5) will be for transient
conditions.
Method 3. Measure x
1
and x, adjust w
2
.
This approach is a combination of Methods 1 and 2.
Method 4. Use a larger tank.
If a larger tank is used, fluctuations in x
1
will tend to be damped
out due to the larger capacitance of the tank contents.
However, a larger tank means an increased capital cost.
1.2 Classification of Control Strategies
Method Measured
Variable
Manipulated
Variable
Category
1 x w
2
FB
a
2 x
1
w
2
FF
3 x
1
and x w
2
FF/FB
4 - - Design
change
Table. 1.1 Control Strategies for the Blending System
Feedback Control:
Distinguishing feature: measure the controlled variable

It is important to make a distinction between negative feedback
and positive feedback.
Engineering Usage vs. Social Sciences
Advantages:
Corrective action is taken regardless of the source of
the disturbance.
Reduces sensitivity of the controlled variable to
disturbances and changes in the process (shown later).
Disadvantages:
No corrective action occurs until after the disturbance
has upset the process, that is, until after x differs from
x
sp
.
Very oscillatory responses, or even instability
Feedforward Control:
Distinguishing feature: measure a disturbance
variable
Advantage:
Correct for disturbance before it upsets the process.
Disadvantage:
Must be able to measure the disturbance.
No corrective action for unmeasured disturbances.
Justification of Process Control

Specific Objectives of Control
Increased product throughput
Increased yield of higher valued products
Decreased energy consumption
Decreased pollution
Decreased off-spec product
Increased Safety
Extended life of equipment
Improved Operability
Decreased production labor
3.2 Economic Incentives - Advanced
Control

1. Measur ement
and Actuati on
2. Safety, Envi ronment
and Equipment
Protecti on
3a. Regulator y
Contr ol
4. Real -Ti me
Optimi zation
5. Planni ng and
Schedul ing
Process
3b. Multi vari abl e
and Constraint
Contr ol
(days-months )
(< 1 second)
(< 1 second)
(seconds- minutes )
(minutes-hour s )
(hour s- days)
Figure 1.7 Hierarchy of
process control activities.
Figure 1.9 Major
steps in control
system development

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