Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
waste heat boilers are used to cool waste gas streams from a given inlet
temperature to a desired exit temperature for further processing purposes. A common application for an HRSG is in a combined cycle power station .
where hot exhaust from a gas turbine is fed to an HRSG to generate
the sections like economizer, evaporator, and super heaters are present.
turbine.
be at very high pressure flows inside the tubes, while low pressure saturated steam is generated outside the tubes.
They could be of single or of multi-gas pass design. In single gas pass design the
hot gas stream enters at one end and leaves at the other.
Fire tube boilers may be of
required.
calculations are the surface configuration and gas pressure drop which is an operating cost.
flow over the tubes , water tube boilers requires less surface area and hence the gas pressure drop can be lower than in a fire tube boiler.
The most important component would, of course, be the Evaporator Section, since without this coil (or coils), the unit would not be an HRSG.
the superheater.
In the evaporation circuit the water is heated to as close to saturation temperature as is possible. This process changes the water from liquid to vapor or steam.
water temperature above the steam saturation temperature for use in the steam turbine.
The Super-heater absorbs heat energy from the GT exhaust gas and
transfers this energy to the steam. superheaters could be classified as radiant , semi-radiant or convective
In general, if the steam temperature is
Not high, say below 900F, superheaters are designed as convective units.
duct work, the economizer could be arranged in several ways, and be similar in design to the super-heater
The economizer sits on top of the evaporator
water having an up-flow direction, which helps as far as steaming is concerned, as the bubbles of steam take a natural path upwards. The gas exit is at the same level as the boiler.
with the last few rows of the tubes aiding upward flow of water, thus minimizing steaming concerns. This configuration results in a compact arrangement. The stack could be self-standing.
Natural circulation units have vertical tubes and horizontal gas flow orientation .
In natural circulation units, the difference in density between water and steam drives the steam water mixture through the evaporator tubes and risers and back to the steam drum.
is used to drive the steam water mixture through the horizontal evaporator tubes.
enters at one end and leaves as steam at the other end of the tube bundle.
Unfired
Auxiliary fired
bundle is divided into two portions by using a baffle plate. The gases flow across the superheater and the bottom half of the evaporator, make a 180 degree turn and then flow across the top half of the evaporator tubes into an economizer.
Figure 1-7c shows a single gas pass design. The stack could be self standing or mounted over the turning section.
generated without major modifications to the unfired boiler design, HRSG in cogeneration plants are fired
The 1700 F limit is set by the design of the casing
The efficiency of the HRSG system improves with firing with the same oxygen content entering the burner, more fuel is
being fired thus reducing the excess air leaving the stack; also, with an increase in inlet gas temperature the exit gas temperature from a HRSG with an economizer usually decreases.
Single Pressure the exit gas temperature is a function of the steam pressure and temperature. Smaller HRSG units operate on single pressure. The higher the steam pressure, the lower the exit gas temperature
Multi pressure
In larger units, for optimizing the performance of the HRSG, steam generation takes place in multi pressure circuits. The current optimum is to use three pressure levels
Selecting the tube material and size to use in a HRSG design is really a
matter of experience. The heat transfer sections of the HRSG frequently use extended surface to improve the overall heat exchange between the hot gases and the steam or water in the tubes.
Segmented Fins:
Continuously Welded
Standard Frequency
Spot Welded
Solid Fins:
These are the most popular fins for modern HRSGs. High Frequency
Continuously Welded
Stud Fins:
These are used generally when the fuel is No. 6 or higher. Resistance
Welded