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Bending Stress

1) Bending stresses are induced in beams due to transverse loading and cause the beam to deform through bending. Simple bending theory neglects shear effects and considers bending stresses due to applied moment alone. 2) Key terms related to beam bending are defined, including neutral axis, plane of symmetry, and neutral surface. 3) The theory of simple bending makes assumptions of homogeneous, elastic material with plane sections remaining plane under bending. Bending stress is proportional to distance from the neutral axis.

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689 views16 pages

Bending Stress

1) Bending stresses are induced in beams due to transverse loading and cause the beam to deform through bending. Simple bending theory neglects shear effects and considers bending stresses due to applied moment alone. 2) Key terms related to beam bending are defined, including neutral axis, plane of symmetry, and neutral surface. 3) The theory of simple bending makes assumptions of homogeneous, elastic material with plane sections remaining plane under bending. Bending stress is proportional to distance from the neutral axis.

Uploaded by

palash1401
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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stresses in a Beam

BM & SF are induced in the c/s of beam due to transverse loading. The beam undergoes deformation due to bending. These deformation in turn induce strain in the body that develops stresses. These stresses are called Bending Stresses. Similarly shear forces induce shear stresses in the beam.

Simple bending
we neglect the effect of shear and consider the moment alone to find the bending stresses, such a theory which deals with finding stresses at a section due to pure moment is called simple bending theory. When a beam is bent due to the application of an uniform bending moment, without SF at that section, then it is said to be in a state of simple bending or pure bending.
A
W
x

BW

W C

D
x W

n
SFD

BMD

Terms related to bending of beam

Axis of Beam (or Centroidal axis)- It is a line passing through centroids of all cross-sections of the beam. Line EF is the axis of beam. Axis of Symmetry- It is a line about which the area of cross-section of the beam is symmetrical. For example, circular, rectangular and square sections have two axes of symmetry, where as T- and Isections have only one axis of symmetry. AC, BD, CL and HK are the axes of symmetry. Neutral Axis- It is a line where the neutral surface intersects with the area of cross- section of the beam. AC and BD are the neutral axes.

Plane of Symmetry. It is a plane passing through the axis of symmetry. GHKL is the plane of symmetry.

Plane of Bending. It is a plane in which bending takes place. For vertical loading, the plane of symmetry and plane of bending coincide. GHKL is the plane of bending.
Neutral Surface. It is a surface on which the bending stress is zero and the beam fibers do not undergo any tension or compression. ABDC is the neutral surface.

THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING The theory of simple bending was developed by Bernoulli. The following assumptions are made in this theory: 1. The material of the beam is assumed to be homogeneous, perfectly elastic and isotropic. Homogeneous material means that the composition is uniform throughout. Perfectly elastic means, Hookes law is obeyed and no permanent set is formed on unloading. Isotropic means that the elastic constants like E, G, K are same in all directions in the beam. 2. All transverse sections of the beam, which are planes before bending, remain plane after bending. 3. The radius of curvature of the beam before bending is very large in comparison to its transverse dimensions. This implies that the beam is initially straight. 4. The resultant pull or push across any transverse section of the beam is zero. This implies that total tensile force is equal to the compressive force in the beam cross- section. 5. The Youngs modulus of elasticity is same in tension and compression. 6. The stresses are within the proportional limit.

Consider the simple bending of a beam as shown in Figure bellow. In the unloaded state figure(a), let GH be the fiber at a distance y from the centroidal axis KL, its length being determined by two transverse parallel planes AD and BC. Fig. (b) shows the beam after bending, when loaded, and the planes AD and BC assume the positions A1D1 and B1C1 respectively. The planes A1D1 and B1C1 intersect at point 0, the centre of curvature, and are inclined at an angle 0. Let R be the radius of curvature of the centroidal fibers at E1F1.

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Therefore, the bending stress at any point in the cross-section is proportional to its distance from the centroidal axis.

Now consider an elementary area dA at a distance y from the centroidal axis, as shown in Fig. 4.2 (c). Force acting on dA is,

Further, since there is no resultant force across any transverse cross-section therefore, ydA = 0, i.e. the first moment of area about the centroidal axis is zero, which is possible only if the centroidal axis coincides with the neutral axis.
Now moment of the force acting on c/s about the neutral axis is, The total moment of all the forces acting on various elements composing the cross-section forms a couple which is equal to the bending moment M.

This total moment is called the moment of resistance.

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Equation 3, represents the bending formula. The implications of the bending formula are: The variation of bending stress (tensile or compressive) through the beam cross section is linear. The bending stress is directly proportional to the distance of the beam fiber from the neutral axis. Therefore, maximum stress occurs on the outermost fiber of the beam. The neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis.

SECTION MODULUS

Those sections which have higher value of section modulus will develop lower value of bending stress for the same value of bending moment applied and same area of cross section

CALCULATION OF BENDING STRESSES Circular Section

Rectangular section

I - section

T-section

Channel Section or C- section

Triangular section
h N ymax=2/3h A
24

bh3
36

bh2

2h 24

bh2

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