CHAPTER 2: Input & Output Devices

Objectives:
Define Input and Output. List the characteristics of input & output devices. Understand how input & output devices work.
FKZM 1 Computer Application

2.1 Input
Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer

FKZM

2 Computer Applications

2.1.1 4 types of input data:

Data - a collection of unorganized facts that can consist
of words, numbers, pictures, sounds and videos.

Program - a series of instructions that tells a computer

how to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information.

Command - an instruction given to a computer program

which can be issued by typing the keywords or pressing special keys on the keyboard.

User response - an instruction you issue to the

computer by replying to a question posed by a computer program such as : Do you want to Exit this program.
3 Computer Applications

FKZM

2.1.2 3 types of Input Hardware

Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a form that allows the computer to process it. Main input devices are listed below:
Type of Input HW Keyboard Input Pointing Devices Source Data Entry
FKZM

Example Keyboard (QWERTY, DVORAK) Mouse, Trackball, Joysticks, Touchpads, Light Pen, Digitizing tablet Scanner, Optical Recognition, Voice Recognition, Audio and video input, Sensors, Human Biology input
4 Computer Applications

2.1.2 a) Keyboard Input

2 types (DVORAK, QWERTY). Main features of the keyboard.
Function keys Typing area Status light

Arrow keys Numeric keypad

5 Computer Applications

FKZM

Dvorak keyboard

It's designed for typing speed and efficiency. For example, you can type the sentence "This is a test" entirely without moving your fingers from the home row. PROBLEM: Typwriter kept jamingtyping too fast..
FKZM

Computer Applications

In the beginning... In 1872, when Christopher Sholes invented the first practical typewriter, he was faced with a serious problem : his typists constantly jammed their machines. They were typing too fast. The typewriting mechanisms were bulky and heavy during that time.
Computer Applications
7

FKZM

Solution : Sholes rearranged the keys to slow down the typists! That keyboard layout is still in use today, 136 years later.
FKZM 8 Computer Applications

FKZM

9 Computer Applications

An ergonomic keyboard has a design that can reduce the chance of wrist injuries.
FKZM 10 Computer Applications

2.1.2 b) Pointing Devices

Input devices that allows you to control a pointer on the screen. Pointer usually takes the shape of a block arrow, an I-beam or a pointing hand. Mouse:

FKZM

11 Computer Applications

Mechanical Mouse

FKZM

12 Computer Applications

Optical Mouse

FKZM

13 Computer Applications

Trackball
A movable ball, on top of a stationary device, that is rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand. The trackball looks like the mouse turned upside down and are especially suited to portable computers.

FKZM

14 Computer Applications

Pointing Stick
Pressure sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on the keyboard. Advantage: Doesnt require desk space Doesnt require cleaning like mechanical mouse

FKZM

15 Computer Applications

Touch Pads
Replace the mouse for laptops. Small, flat surface that is sensitive to pressure and motion.

Touch Screens
Video display screen that has been sensitized to receive input from the touch of a finger. Not used to enter large amount of data. Often used in kiosk and some laptop computers.

FKZM

16 Computer Applications

Light Pens
Light sensitive stylus, or pen-like device, connected by a wire to the computer terminal. The user brings the pen to a desired point on the display screen and presses the pen button, which identifies that screen location to the computer. Pen-based system usually used in PDA and palmtop.

FKZM

17 Computer Applications

Joystick and wheel

A vertical lever mounted on a base. The lever can be move in any directions and includes buttons called triggers to activate certain events.

FKZM

18 Computer Applications

Pen Input
A pen (also called a stylus) uses an electronic head instead of ink. Detect movement of the cursor or pen and translate into digital signals.

FKZM

19 Computer Applications

2.1.2 c) Source Data Entry

Do not require keystroke. Data is entered without requiring human to be an intermediary agent to type in. It collects data at the source and send it directly to the computer, thus cutting down the number of steps and reducing the number of possible error.
FKZM

Scanner Optical Recognition Voice Recognition Audio / Video Input Sensor Human Biology Input
20 Computer Applications

Scanner
Convert text + picture into recognizable form. A scanned document is stored in rows and column of dots called bitmap. Resolution: Density of dots which determines the sharpness and clearness of the resulting image. Measured in dots per inch (dpi).

FKZM

21 Computer Applications

FKZM

22 Computer Applications

Scanner types
1. Flatbed

2. Handheld

3. Sheetfeed

FKZM

23 Computer Applications

Optical Reader
Device that uses light sources to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computerusable form e.g. for MCQ exam.
FKZM

OMR form

OMR Machine

24 Computer Applications

Bar Code Reader

Read by bar-code readers and bar code reader is photoelectric scanners that translate the bar-code symbols into digital forms.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of checks. Used almost exclusively by the banking industry.
FKZM 25 Computer Applications

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

Uses radio signals to communicate with a tag attached to an object, animal or a person. It s an alternative to bar code reader doesnt require direct contact or lineof-site transmission

FKZM

Computer Applications

26

Reads the magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards, entertainment cards, bank cards and other similar cards

FKZM

27 Computer Applications

Voice Input
Voice-recognition system converts a person's speech into digital code by comparing the electrical patterns produced by the speaker's voice with a set of prerecorded patterns stored in the computer.

0
Voice
FKZM

Wave form

Digital voice
28 Computer Applications

Digital Camera
Store photographed image graphically. Transfer the image by downloading or using storage media. Basic types: Studio Field Point-and-shoot
FKZM 29 Computer Applications

Sensor
A type of input device that collects specific kinds of data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer.

Heat sensor

Hand sensor

Human-Biology Input Devices

Characteristics and movements of the human body, when interpreted by sensors, optical scanners, voice recognition, and other technologies, can become forms of input.
FKZM 30 Computer Applications

Terminals
Terminals - consists of a keyboard, display screen and a communications line to a large(usually mainframe) computer systems. Generally used for input. They also display output. Two types of terminal: Dumb terminal can accept i/put & produce o/put, cannot process. (e.g: airline clerks issue tickets) Smart terminal has processing capabilities. Automated teller machines and point-of sale terminals have both input and output capabilities.

FKZM

31 Computer Applications

Terminals
ATM machine

Point of Sale terminal

FKZM 32 Computer Applications

Output devices translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand. Two principal kinds of output : Hardcopy - printed output. Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form. Printed document
Hardcopy
FKZM

Softcopy
33 Computer Applications

2.2.1 Computer Screen Technology

Most common is the (CRT) - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal. 2 Types of Screens i. CRT ( cathode ray tube). ii. Flat-panel displays - much thinner, weigh less and consume less power than a CRT: e.g. LCD.

LCD

CRT
FKZM 34 Computer Applications

Coated with thousands of tiny phosphor dots. Emits light when excite by a stream of electron. Each dot(pixel) consists of three blobs of colored phosphor: red, green, blue.

FKZM

35 Computer Applications

Resolution (ppi) - the number of pixels (horizontal x vertical). Refresh rate (Hz)- number of times that the image on the display is drawn each second. Refresh rate, eye will notice the intervals (flickering display). Cause: Headache The world-wide accepted refresh rate 70Hz and above.

20 pixels

25 pixels

Resolution= 25 X 20 ppi

FKZM

36 Computer Applications

 Distance between two nearest-neighbor phosphor dots of the same color.

FKZM 37 Computer Applications

Color depth-the amount of color can be displayed by monitor. Bit depth-The number of bits used to describe a pixel. No. of color = 2n , n is a Bit-depth.

Bit Depth 16 24

No. of colors 65,536 16,777,216

R G B

Each phosphor blobs=8 bit 1 pixel

2 = 0 (no color) 1 (colored)

FKZM 38 Computer Applications

BIT DEPTH 1-bit 2-bit 3-bit

COLOR RESOLUTION 2 colors 4 colors 8 colors

CALCULATION 21 (2) 22 (2x2) 23 (2x2x2)

4-bit
5-bit 6-bit 7-bit 8-bit 16-bit 24-bit

16 colors
32 colors 64 colors 128 colors 256 colors 65,536 colors 16,777,215 colors

24 (2x2x2x2)
25 (2x2x2x2x2) 26 (2x2x2x2x2x2) 27 (2x2x2x2x2x2x2) 28 (2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2) 216 224

FKZM

39 Computer Applications

FKZM

Computer Applications

40

What is a dot-matrix printer?

Impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire pins strike ribbon
Impact printer forms characters by striking mechanism against inked ribbon that contacts paper

FKZM

41 Computer Applications

What is a nonimpact printer?

Forms characters and graphics without striking paper Ink-jet printer sprays tiny drops of liquid ink onto paper Prints in black-and-white or color on a variety of paper types
42 Computer Applications

FKZM

What is a laser printer?

High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution, ranging from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster

FKZM

43 Computer Applications

What is a thermal printer?

Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper

home use

FKZM

professional

44 Computer Applications

What is a mobile printer?

Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC, or PDA while traveling

FKZM

45 Computer Applications

What is a label printer?

Small printer that prints on adhesive-type material Most also print bar codes Postage printer has built-in digital scale and prints postage stamps

FKZM

46 Computer Applications

What is a plotter?
Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings Large-format printer creates photo-realisticquality color prints Print signs, posters and other professional quality displays

FKZM

47 Computer Applications

2.2.3 Audio Output

Convert digital audio into sound (wave form).

FKZM

48 Computer Applications

Ergonomics -- The applied science of equipment design intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. Ergonomics protects against RSI or Repetitive Strain Injury.

FKZM

49 Computer Applications

keyboard height: 23 to 28

elbows at 90 and arms and hands parallel to floor adjustable backrest adjustable seat adjustable height chair with 5 legs for stability

feet flat on floor

FKZM 50 Computer Applications