Lesson B - Basic Java Elements

Unit B1 Program Elements

Lecture B

Slide 1 of 69.

Hello World Program, Again

// My First Program!! public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args){ System.out.println(Hello World!); } }

Lecture B

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Identifiers: Syntax
Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a program Identifier syntactic rules:

Can be made up of any length of

letters digits underscore character (_) dollar sign ($)

Cannot begin with a digit User and user are completely different identifiers

Java is case sensitive

Lecture B

Slide 3 of 69.

Identifiers: Semantics
Identifiers names can come from the following sources

Fixed in Java as reserved words

public, class, static, void, method,

Chosen by the programmer to denote something

HelloWorld, main, args

Chosen by a programmer whose code we use:

String, System, out, println

Lecture B

Slide 4 of 69.

Naming style
The correctness of the program is not affected by the

names used
public class X7_65Tx { }

Names play a central role in the readability of the program They are part of its documentation They should thus be chosen carefully

BankAccount, size, numberOfElements

Follow conventions in choosing names!

Lecture B

Slide 5 of 69.

White Space
Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are collectively called white

space White space is used to separate words and symbols in a program Extra white space is ignored A valid Java program can be formatted many different ways Programs should be formatted to enhance readability, using consistent indentation

Lecture B

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Valid, but bad Indentation

public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) System.out.println(Hello World!) ;}} {

Lecture B

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Comments
Comments are ignored and are treated as white space They should be written to enhance readability

Explain what a piece of code does (its interface) Explain any special tricks, limitations, // comment to end of line /* comment until closing */ /** API specification comment */

Java has three comment formats:

Lecture B

Slide 8 of 69.

Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements

Unit B2 - Variables and Data Types

Lecture B

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Variables
A variable is a location in memory that can hold values of

a certain data type Each variable must be declared before it is used The declaration allocates a location in memory to hold values of this type Variable types can be

primitive reference to an object

Lecture B

Slide 10 of 69.

VariableExample Program
public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

Lecture B

Slide 11 of 69.

VariableExample Program (2)

public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

Lecture B

Slide 12 of 69.

VariableExample Program (3)

public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

3
x

Lecture B

Slide 13 of 69.

VariableExample Program (4)

public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

3
x

Lecture B

Slide 14 of 69.

VariableExample Program (5)

public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

4
x

Lecture B

Slide 15 of 69.

VariableExample Program (6)

public class VariableExample { public static void main(String[] args){ int x; x = 3; System.out.println(x); x = 4; System.out.println(x); } }

4
x

Lecture B

Slide 16 of 69.

Primitive Data Types

A data type is defined by a set of values and the

operators you can perform on them The Java language has several predefined types, called primitive data types The following reserved words represent the eight different primitive data types:

byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char

Lecture B

Slide 17 of 69.

Integers
There are four integer data types. They differ by the

amount of memory used to store them

Type byte short int long 8 16 32 65 Bits Value Range -127 128 -32768 32767 about 9 decimal digits about 18 decimal digits

Lecture B

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Floating Point
There are two floating point types

Type float double

Bits 32 64

Range (decimal digits) 38 308

Precision (decimal digits) 7 15

Lecture B

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Characters
A char value stores a single character from the Unicode

character set A character set is an ordered list of characters

A, B, C, , a, b, ,0, 1, , $,

The Unicode character set uses 16 bits per character,

allowing for 65,536 unique characters It is an international character set, containing symbols and characters from many world languages The ASCII character set is a subset of Unicode ASCII is the current standard (outside of Java)

Lecture B

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Boolean
A boolean value represents a true/false condition. It can also be used to represent any two states, such as a

light bulb being on or off The reserved words true and false are the only valid values for a boolean type

Lecture B

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Variable Declarations
The syntax of a variable declaration is
data-type variable-name;

For example
int total;

Multiple variables can be declared on the same line

long total, count, sum;

Variables can be initialized (given an initial value) in the

declaration
int total = 0, count = 20; double unitPrice = 57.25;

Lecture B

Slide 22 of 69.

Variable Declaration Example

public class DeclarationExample { public static void main (String[] args) { int weeks = 14; long numberOfStudents = 120; double averageFinalGrade = 78.6; System.out.println(weeks); System.out.println(numberOfStudents); System.out.println(averageFinalGrade); } }

Lecture B

Slide 23 of 69.

More Variable Examples

double pi, conversionRate, temprature; long salary; boolean isOn; char c; pi = 3.14159; isOn = false; c = A; salary = 34000; isOn = true;

Lecture B

Slide 24 of 69.

Constants
We may declare that a variable is a constant and its value

may never change.

final double PI = 3.14159; final int CHINA_OLYMPICS_YEAR = 2008;

Advantages:

readability efficiency error detection

Lecture B

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Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements

Unit B3 - Expressions

Lecture B

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Assignment Statements
An assignment statement takes the following form
variable-name = expression;

The expression is first evaluated

Then, the result is stored in the variable, overwriting the

value currently stored in the variable

Lecture B

Slide 27 of 69.

Arithmetic Operators
An operator is a mapping that maps one or more values

to a single value: Binary Operators:

a a a a a -a + * / % b b b b b adds a and b subtracts b from a multiplies a and b divides a by b the reminder of divining a by b The negation of a

Unary Operator:

Lecture B

Slide 28 of 69.

Pounds to Kg conversion
public class PoundsToKg { public static void main(String[] args){ double weightInPounds = 200.0; final double KILOS_IN_POUND = 0.455; double weightInKg; weightInKg = weightInPounds * KILOS_IN_POUND ; System.out.println(weightInKg); } }

Lecture B

Slide 29 of 69.

Pounds to Kg conversion 2
public class PoundsToKg2 { public static void main(String[] args){ final double KILOS_IN_POUND = 0.455; System.out.println(200.0 * KILOS_IN_POUND); } }

Lecture B

Slide 30 of 69.

Integer Division
When division is performed on integers (byte, short,

int, long), the result is truncated to an integer.

int j = 5; double x = 5.0, y; System.out.println(j / 2); // 2 System.out.println(x / 2.0); // 2.5 System.out.println(5 / 2); // 2 y = j / 2 ; // 2

Lecture B

Slide 31 of 69.

Complex Expressions
Expressions can combine many operators and operands Examples:
x -34 weight * 2.73 2 * PI * r a - (7 b) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 (x + y) * (2 - z + (5 - q)) * -(1-x)

Lecture B

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Operator Precedence
Multiplication, division, and remainder (%) have a higher

precedence than addition and subtraction. Operators with same precedence evaluate from left to right. Parenthesis can be used to force order of evaluation.

Lecture B

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Operator Precedence Examples

Expression 10 - 7 - 1 10 - (7 - 1) 1 + 2 * 3 (1 + 2) * 3 1 - 2 * 3 + 4 * 5 2 4 7 9 15

Result

Lecture B

Slide 34 of 69.

Conversions
Data types can be mixed in an expression When the expression is evaluated one type is converted

to another Data is converted to a wider type in three cases

assignment conversion arithmetic promotion casting

Can be converted to a narrower type only by casting List of types from narrowest to widest:

Narrow Wide byte short int long float double

Lecture B

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Conversion Examples
double f, x; int j; f = 5; f = 5.0 / 2; f = x * j; f = 5 / 2; f = (float) j / 5; j = (int) f; j = (int) 5.0 / 2.0;

Lecture B

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Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements

Unit B4 - Objects and Method Invocation

Lecture B

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Reference Types
Variables can be declared to be of an object type. In this

case they hold a reference to an object of this type (class).

Turtle t; String myName; Date today;

myName

today

Memory

Lecture B

Slide 38 of 69.

Creating Objects
Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.

Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today; today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970 Turtle t = new Turtle();

Lecture B

Slide 39 of 69.

Creating Objects (2)

Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.

Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today; today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970 Turtle t = new Turtle();

today

Lecture B

Slide 40 of 69.

Creating Objects (3)

Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.

Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today; today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970 Turtle t = new Turtle();

today

12345

Lecture B

Slide 41 of 69.

Creating Objects (4)

Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.

Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today; today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970 Turtle t = new Turtle();

today

12345

Lecture B

Slide 42 of 69.

Strings
Strings are objects that are treated by the compiler in special ways:

Can be created directly using xxxx Can be concatenated using +

String myName = John Jones; String hello; hello = Hello World; hello = hello + !!!!; int year = 2008; String s = See you in China in + year;

Lecture B

Slide 43 of 69.

Method invocations
You may invoke methods on an object. Methods may

receive parameters. Methods may also return values.

Turtle leonardo = new Turtle(); leoardo.moveForward(100); String lennon = John Lennon; int len = lennon.length(); char initial = lennon.charAt(5);

Lecture B

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APIs
To use an object you only need to know its application

programmer interface (API). The API of an object class includes a description of:

all available constructors and methods and what they do the parameters they take and the values that they return

The API is usually given in a special format called

javadoc.

Lecture B

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Javadoc example

Lecture B

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Javadoc example (2)

Lecture B

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Class Libraries
A class library is a collection of classes that we can use

when developing programs There is a standard class library that comes with every Java environment. Class Libraries are organized into packages

java.net, java.lang, java.io, ... Import the package import java.io.*; File f = new File(John);

To use classes from a package you must either

Or, use a fully qualified class name java.io.File f = new java.io.File (John);

Lecture B

Slide 48 of 69.

RandomNumbers.java
import java.util.Random; public class RandomNumbers { public static void main (String[] args){ Random generator = new Random(); int num = generator.nextInt(); System.out.println ("A random int: " + num); num = generator.nextInt(); System.out.print(Another one: + num); } }

Lecture B

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Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements

Unit B5 - Input and Output

Lecture B

Slide 50 of 69.

Types of Input and Output (I/O)

Terminal-based I/O

System.out.println() System.in.xxxxx() Windows, Buttons, Mouse,

Graphic User Interface

Stream based I/O

Files, Web, Communication, Terminal-based I/O

InputRequestor, OutputWindow

In this course we also provide our own classes:

Lecture B

Slide 51 of 69.

The InputRequestor Class

To use the input requestor, you must first create the

object:
InputRequestor inp = new InputRequestor();

Then, you may use it to read primitive data types:

int i = inp.requestInt(); int i = inp.requestInt(Enter age:); float f = inp.requestFloat();

Lecture B

Slide 52 of 69.

InputRequestor Behaviour
A window will pop up every time you use the

requestXXX() method:

The window will disappear only after you have typed a

legal input. The method returns this input.

Lecture B

Slide 53 of 69.

The OutputWindow Class

Just as System.out enables you to display output in the

MS-DOS window, you may display output in your own window. Create an OutputWindow object:
OutputWindow outwin = new OutputWindow();

Useful methods in the output window:

println() - just as regular println(). clear() - clears the output window. showMessage() - pop up a message on the desktop.

Lecture B

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The Output Window

Lecture B

Slide 55 of 69.

The showMessage() Pop-up Window

Lecture B

Slide 56 of 69.

Circle Area and Circumference

public class CircleCalc { public static void main(String[] args){ final double PI = 3.14159; InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor(); OutputWindow out = new OutputWindow(); double r = in.requestDouble("Radius: "); out.println("Radius = " + r); out.println("Area = " + PI * PI * r); out.println("Circumference = " + 2 * PI * r); } }

Lecture B

Slide 57 of 69.

Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements

Unit B6 - Introduction to Applets and Graphics

Lecture B

Slide 58 of 69.

The Web

Lecture B

Slide 59 of 69.

My First HTML Example

<H3>My First HTML File</H3> <p> Hello World!!! <p> Here is a link to <a href=http://www.cnn.com>CNN</a>!

Lecture B

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My First Web Page

Lecture B

Slide 61 of 69.

Running programs in a web page

Java was invented so that running programs can be

embedded in web-pages Such Java programs are called Applets This had to solve some problems

Platform independence
browsers have a built-in Java byte-code interpreter

Security
the program runs in the browser in a sandbox

Lecture B

Slide 62 of 69.

A Web Page with an Embedded Applet

Lecture B

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Writing Applets
An Applet does not have a main method. Instead, it has a set of methods that control the interaction

with the user. An Applet inherits this interface from the java.applet.Applet class The paint method has to paint the screen

It receives a Graphics object, and uses it to paint The Graphics class has various drawXXX() methods

Lecture B

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Smiley.java
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; public class Smiley extends Applet{ public void paint (Graphics page){ page.setColor(Color.yellow); page.fillOval(50,50,300,300); page.setColor(Color.black); page.fillOval(125,125,50,50); page.fillOval(225,125,50,50); page.drawLine(150,275,250,275); } }

Lecture B

Slide 65 of 69.

Smiley.HTML
<H3>My Smiley Applet</H3> <applet code=Smiley.class" width=400 height=400> </applet> <p> Above this text you should see Smiley!!

The Smiley.class file should be placed in the same

directory with Smiley.HTML

Lecture B

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Smiley

Lecture B

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Graphics Coordinates
10 150 X

20

45

page.drawLine (10, 20, 150, 45);

Lecture B

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Drawing an Oval
175 X

20

80

50

page.drawOval (175, 20, 50, 80);

Lecture B

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