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Management of Quality
Operations Management
William J. Stevenson
8th edition
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Management of Quality
CHAPTER
Management of Quality
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Management of Quality
Quality Management
What does the term quality mean? Quality is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations.
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Evolution of Quality Management
Management of Quality
1924 - Statistical process control charts 1930 - Tables for acceptance sampling 1940s - Statistical sampling techniques 1950s - Quality assurance/TQC 1960s - Zero defects 1970s - Quality assurance in services
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Quality Assurance vs. Strategic Approach
Management of Quality
Quality Assurance
Emphasis on finding and correcting defects before reaching market
Strategic Approach
Proactive, focusing on preventing mistakes from occurring Greater emphasis on customer satisfaction
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Management of Quality
The Quality Gurus
Walter Shewhart
Father of statistical quality control
W. Edwards Deming Joseph M. Juran Armand Feignbaum Philip B. Crosby Kaoru Ishikawa Genichi Taguchi
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Management of Quality
Key Contributors to Quality Management
Table 9.2
Contributor Known for
Deming 14 points; special & common causes of variation Quality is fitness for use; quality trilogy Quality is a total field Quality is free; zero defects Cause-and effect diagrams; quality circles Taguchi loss function
Juran Feignbaum Crosby Ishikawa
Taguchi
Quality
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Management of Quality
Dimensions of Quality
Performance - main characteristics of the product/service
Aesthetics - appearance, feel, smell, taste
Special Features - extra characteristics Conformance - how well product/service conforms to customers expectations Reliability - consistency of performance
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Management of Quality
Dimensions of Quality (Contd)
Durability - useful life of the product/service Perceived Quality - indirect evaluation of
quality (e.g. reputation)
Serviceability - service after sale
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Management of Quality
Examples of Quality Dimensions
(Product) Automobile
Everything works, fit & finish Ride, handling, grade of materials used Interior design, soft touch
Dimension
1. Performance
(Service) Auto Repair
All work done, at agreed price Friendliness, courtesy, Competency, quickness Clean work/waiting area
2. Aesthetics
3. Special features Gauge/control placement Location, call when ready Cellular phone, CD Computer diagnostics player
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Management of Quality
Examples of Quality Dimensions (Contd)
Dimension (Product) Automobile
5. Reliability Infrequency of breakdowns
(Service) Auto Repair
Work done correctly, ready when promised Work holds up over time Award-winning service department
6. Durability
Useful life in miles, resistance to rust & corrosion Top-rated car
7. Perceived quality
8. Serviceability Handling of complaints and/or Handling of complaints requests for information
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Management of Quality
Service Quality
Tangibles Convenience Reliability Responsiveness Time Assurance Courtesy
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Management of Quality
Examples of Service Quality
Examples
Were the facilities clean, personnel neat? Was the service center conveniently located? Was the problem fixed?
Table 9.4
Dimension
1. Tangibles 2. Convenience 3. Reliability
4. Responsiveness
5. Time 6. Assurance 7. Courtesy
Were customer service personnel willing and able to answer questions?
How long did the customer wait? Did the customer service personnel seem knowledgeable about the repair? Were customer service personnel and the cashierfriendly and courteous?
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Management of Quality
Determinants of Quality
Design
Ease of use Conforms to design
Service
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Management of Quality
Determinants of Quality (contd)
Quality of design
Intension of designers to include or exclude features in a product or service
Quality of conformance
The degree to which goods or services conform to the intent of the designers
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The Consequences of Poor Quality
Management of Quality
Loss of business Liability Productivity Costs
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Management of Quality
Responsibility for Quality
Top management Design Procurement Production/operations Quality assurance Packaging and shipping Marketing and sales Customer service
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Management of Quality
Costs of Quality
Failure Costs - costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services.
Internal Failure Costs
Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer.
External Failure Costs
All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer.
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Management of Quality
Costs of Quality (continued)
Appraisal Costs
Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring
Prevention Costs
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Management of Quality
Ethics and Quality
Substandard work
Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials
Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical.
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Management of Quality
Quality Awards
Baldrige Award Deming Prize
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Management of Quality
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
1.0 Leadership (125 points) 2.0 Strategic Planning (85 points) 3.0 Customer and Market Focus (85 points) 4.0 Information and Analysis (85 points) 5.0 Human Resource Focus (85 points) 6.0 Process Management (85 points) 7.0 Business Results (450 points)
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Management of Quality
Benefits of Baldrige Competition
Financial success Winners share their knowledge The process motivates employees The process provides a well-designed quality system The process requires obtaining data The process provides feedback
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Management of Quality
European Quality Award
Prizes intended to identify role models
Leadership Customer focus Corporate social responsibility People development and involvement Results orientation
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Management of Quality
The Deming Prize
Honoring W. Edwards Deming Japans highly coveted award Main focus on statistical quality control
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Management of Quality
Quality Certification
ISO 9000
Set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance, critical to international business
ISO 14000
A set of international standards for assessing a companys environmental performance
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Management of Quality
ISO 9000 Standards
Requirements
System requirements Management Resource Realization Remedial
ISO 9000 Quality Management Principles
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Management of Quality
A systems approach to management Continual improvement Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Customer focus Leadership People involvement Process approach
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Management of Quality
ISO 14000
ISO 14000 - A set of international standards for assessing a companys environmental performance Standards in three major areas
Management systems Operations Environmental systems
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Management of Quality
ISO 14000
Management systems
Systems development and integration of environmental responsibilities into business planning
Consumption of natural resources and energy
Operations
Environmental systems
Measuring, assessing and managing emissions, effluents, and other waste
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Management of Quality
Total Quality Management
A philosophy that involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction.
T Q M
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Management of Quality
The TQM Approach
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
Find out what the customer wants Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants Design processes that facilitates doing the job right the first time Keep track of results Extend these concepts to suppliers
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Management of Quality
Elements of TQM
Continual improvement Competitive benchmarking Employee empowerment Team approach Decisions based on facts Knowledge of tools Supplier quality Champion Quality at the source Suppliers
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Management of Quality
Continuous Improvement
Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs. Kaizen: Japanese word for continuous improvement.
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Management of Quality
Quality at the Source
The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work.
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma
Statistically
Having no more than 3.4 defects per million
Conceptually
Program designed to reduce defects Requires the use of certain tools and techniques
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma Programs
Six Sigma programs
Improve quality Save time Cut costs
Employed in
Design Production Service Inventory management Delivery
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma Management
Providing strong leadership Defining performance merits Selecting projects likely to succeed Selecting and training appropriate people
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma Technical
Improving process performance Reducing variation Utilizing statistical models Designing a structured improvement strategy
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma Team
Top management Program champions Master black belts Black belts Green belts
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Management of Quality
Six Sigma Process
Define Measure Analyze Improve Control
DMAIC
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Management of Quality
Obstacles to Implementing TQM
Lack of:
Company-wide definition of quality Strategic plan for change Customer focus Real employee empowerment Strong strong motivation Time to devote to quality initiatives Leadership
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Management of Quality
Obstacles to Implementing TQM
Poor inter-organizational communication View of quality as a quick fix Emphasis on short-term financial results Internal political and turf wars
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Management of Quality
Criticisms of TQM
Blind pursuit of TQM programs Programs may not be linked to strategies Quality-related decisions may not be tied to market performance Failure to carefully plan a program
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Management of Quality
Basic Steps in Problem Solving
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Define the problem and establish an improvement goal Collect data Analyze the problem Generate potential solutions Choose a solution Implement the solution Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goal
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Management of Quality
The PDSA Cycle
Plan
Act
Do
Study
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Management of Quality
Process Improvement
Process Improvement: A systematic approach to improving a process Process mapping Analyze the process Redesign the process
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Management of Quality
The Process Improvement Cycle
Select a process
Document
Study/document Evaluate
Implement the Improved process
Seek ways to Improve it
Design an Improved process
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Management of Quality
Process Improvement and Tools
Process improvement - a systematic approach to improving a process
Process mapping Analyze the process Redesign the process
Tools
There are a number of tools that can be used for problem solving and process improvement Tools aid in data collection and interpretation, and provide the basis for decision making
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Management of Quality
Basic Quality Tools
Flowcharts Check sheets Histograms Pareto Charts Scatter diagrams Control charts Cause-and-effect diagrams Run charts
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Management of Quality
Check Sheet
Monday
Billing Errors
Wrong Account
Wrong Amount
A/R Errors
Wrong Account Wrong Amount
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Management of Quality
Pareto Analysis
Number of defects
Off Smeared Missing Loose Other center print label
80% of the problems may be attributed to 20% of the causes.
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Management of Quality
Control Chart
Figure 9.11
1020 1010 1000
UCL
990
980 970 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
LCL
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Management of Quality
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Methods
Cause
Cause Cause
Figure 9.12
Materials
Cause
Cause Cause
Environment
Cause
Cause Cause Cause
Effect
Cause
Cause
People
Equipment
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Management of Quality
Run Chart
Diameter
Time (Hours)
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Management of Quality
Tracking Improvements
UCL UCL
Figure 9-17
UCL
LCL LCL Process centered Process not centered and stable and not stable LCL Additional improvements made to the process
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Management of Quality
Methods for Generating Ideas
Brainstorming
Quality circles Interviewing Benchmarking 5W2H
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Management of Quality
Quality Circles
Team approach
List reduction Balance sheet Paired comparisons
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Management of Quality
Benchmarking Process
Identify a critical process that needs improving Identify an organization that excels in this process Contact that organization Analyze the data Improve the critical process
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Management of Quality
CHAPTER
Additional PowerPoint slides contributed by Geoff Willis, University of Central Oklahoma.
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Management of Quality
GURUS
DEMING JURAN CROSBY ISHIKAWA
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Management of Quality
7 Basic Tools
Flow Chart Check Sheet Histogram Pareto Chart Scatter Diagram Cause & Effect Diagram Statistical Process Control
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Management of Quality
Flow Chart Example: Self-Serve Gas Before Improvement
shut off engine walk to pay station
Drive in
check price self serve? to pump yes no
check card transmit
approved? yes no
turn on pump
back to car
pump gas
walk to booth
wait
copy to file employee totals charges check accuracy prepare receipt sign copy
return to car
on the road again
copy to wallet
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Management of Quality
Flow Chart Example: Self-Serve Gas After Improvement
shut off engine
Drive in
check price
self-serve? yes no
go to pump
insert card in pump store in system on the road again
approved?
yes check credit card wait no
wait for receipt
pump gas copy to wallet
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Management of Quality
Example
Exam Score
Homework Problems
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Management of Quality
Quality/Safety
STA09 Pixux systems
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Management of Quality
Service, Personnel
SDHM5 Training, guestware support
