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Mobile Communications

This document discusses the evolution of mobile communications technologies from analog to digital networks. It covers early analog networks like NMT and AMPS, as well as digital networks including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, and future 5G networks. It also describes key concepts like frequency reuse, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, and network structures that enabled each generation of mobile technology.

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109 views33 pages

Mobile Communications

This document discusses the evolution of mobile communications technologies from analog to digital networks. It covers early analog networks like NMT and AMPS, as well as digital networks including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, and future 5G networks. It also describes key concepts like frequency reuse, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, and network structures that enabled each generation of mobile technology.

Uploaded by

genesis619
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Basic principles Early analog networks Digital networks, GSM GPRS and EDGE UMTS Future networks

Wireless versus Mobile

BASIC NETWORK STRUCTURE

Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection Diffraction (Shadowing) Scattering Doppler effects Fading

FREQUENCY REUSE

3/9 CELL PATTERN

BASIC NETWORK STRUCTURE

SYSTEM STRUCTURE

ANALOGUE MOBILE NETWORKS


NMT 450 NMT 900 AMPS 1984 824-849 869-894 832 TACS 1985 890-915 935-960 1000

Start 1981 1986 MHz Up 453 - 457.5 890-915 MHz Down 463-467.5 935-960 No. of channels 180 1000

DIGITAL MOBILE NETWORKS

Start MHz Up MHz Down Multiplex

GSM 1992 890-915 935-960 TDMA

D-AMPS PDC 1991 1993 824-849 ~900 ~1400 869-894 ~800 ~1400 TDMA TDMA

SIM: SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE

GSM frequency bands


900 MHz
2*25 MHz Bands 45 MHz Duplex Spacing 125 carriers

890-915 MHz Uplink 935-960 MHz Downlink

1800 MHz
2*75 MHz Bands 95 MHz Duplex Spacing 375 carriers

1710-1785 MHz Uplink 1805-1880 MHz Downlink

1900 MHz
2*60 MHz Bands 80 MHz Duplex Spacing 300 Carriers

1850-1910 MHz Uplink 1930-1990 MHz Downlink

GSM: AREAS

THREE ACCESS METHODS IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA Time Division Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA: FRAME

D-AMPS
The EIA/TIA (TDMA) standard has many names TDMA (the most common) US Digital Cellular (USDC) North American TDMA (NA-TDMA) Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) IS-54 and IS-136

CDMA
Every mobile in the network has a unique code, the chip sequence When a mobile sends a bit stream, each bit is replaced by the chip code A one in the bit stream is replaced by the chip code A zero in the bit code is replaced by the compliment of the chip code If the chip code is n bits long, each bit in the original bit stream is replaced by n bits Instead of some 10kbps in the original bit stream, Mbps is sent This is often referred as to spread spectrum techniques

GPRS, GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (1)


Genera! Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new service designed for digital cellular networks (GSM, DCS, PCS). GPRS uses a packet-mode technique to transfer high-speed and towspeed data and signalling in an efficient manner over GSM radio networks. GPRS can be used for carrying end user's packet data protocol such as IP andX.25 GPRS is standardised in ETSI (European Telecommunications StandardsInstitute). New GPRS radio channels are defined, and the allocation of these channels is flexible: from 1 to 8 radio interface timeslots can be allocated per TDMA frame, timeslots are shared by the active users, and up and downlink are allocated separately. Various radio channel coding schemes are specified to allow bitrates from 9 to more than 150 kbit/s per user.

GPRS, GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (2)


GPRS introduces two new network nodes in the GSM PLMN: The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), which is at the same hierarchical level as the MSC, keeps track of the individual MSs' location and performs security functions and access control. The SGSN is connected to the base station system with Frame Relay. The Gateway GSN (GGSN) provides interworking with external packet-switched networks, and is connected with SGSNs via an IP-based GPRS backbone network. The HLR is enhanced with GPRS subscriber information, and the SMS-MSCs are upgraded to support SMS transmission via the SGSN. Optionally, the MSC/VLR can be enhanced for more-efficient co-ordination of GPRS and nonGPRS services and functionality: e.g., paging for circuitswitched calls which can be performed more efficiently via the SGSN, and combined GPRS and non-GPRS location updates.

EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
ECSD - Enhanced CSD (Circuit Switched Data)

EGPRS - Enhanced GPRS For higher data rates New coding and modulation schemes The base stations need to be up dated EGPRS up to 384 kbps (48 kbps per time slot) ECSD 28.8 kbps

IMT-2000
FPLMTS: Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System
IMT 2000: International Mobile Telecommunications UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UMTS: Specificed by ETSI, CEPT and UMTS forum


UMTS: Specificed by ETSI, CEPT and UMTS forum

IMT-2000
The main characteristic of 3G Systems, known collectively as IMT2000, are a single family of compatible standards that have the following characteristics
Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Support both packet-switched and circuit-switched data transmission Offer high data rates up to 2Mbps (depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency

IMT-2000

IMT-2000 stands for


IMT: International Mobile Communications2000: the frequency range of 2000 MHz and the year 2000 (WARC'92: 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz)

All 3G standards have been developed by regional standard developing organizations (SDOs) In total, proposals for 17 different IMT-2000 standards were submitted by regional SDOs to ITU in 1998. 11 proposals for terrestrial systems and 6 for mobile satellite systems (MSSs). Evaluation of the proposals was completed in 1998, and negotiatians to build a consensus among different views were completed in mid 1999. All 17 proposals have been accepted by ITU as IMT-2000 standards. The specification for the Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) was released at the end of 1999.

The most important IMT-2000 proposals


UMTS (W-CDMA)
as the successor of GSM

CDMA2000
universal wireless communication-13 6 (UWC136)/EDGE as the successor of the interim standard'95 (IS-95)

time division-synchroneous CDMA (TD-CDMA)


as the TDMA-based enhancements to DAMPS/GSM

ITU IMT2000 Radio Interface Specifications


5 were approved by the ITU in November 1999
IMT DS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) IMT MC cdma 2000

IMT SC UWC-136 (EDGE)


IMT TC UTRA TDD or TD-SCDMA IMT FT DECT

DS: Direct Sequence, MC: Multi-Carrier, TC: Time Code, FT :Frequency Time

Key Differences between W-CDMA and cdma2000


Parameter Chip rate Sinchronisation Frame duration W-CDMA 3.84 Mc/s Asynchronous 10 ms Dedicated time Common code division Foreward Pilot multiplexed pilot multiplexed pilot Signaling ANSI-41 GSM-MAP cdma2000 3.68 Mc/s Synchronous 20 ms

UMTS
UMTS is being developed by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a joint venture of several SDOs ETSI (Europe) Association of Radio Industries and Business/Telecommunication Technology Committee (ARIB/TTC) (Japan) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) T-1 (USA) Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) (South Korea) Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard (CWTS) (China)

Towards UMTS

Evolutionary Concept

Maximum Data Rates

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