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Lecture 1 Control Systems

This document provides information about the EE 321 Control Systems course. The course aims to build a foundation in analyzing and designing control systems using classical and modern techniques, covering both continuous and discrete-time systems. It introduces open-loop and closed-loop control systems, feedback control, elements of control systems including sensors, actuators, and block diagrams. The motivation for control engineering is discussed, as well as different types of control systems.

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Mahrukh Mumtaz Hussain
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
167 views

Lecture 1 Control Systems

This document provides information about the EE 321 Control Systems course. The course aims to build a foundation in analyzing and designing control systems using classical and modern techniques, covering both continuous and discrete-time systems. It introduces open-loop and closed-loop control systems, feedback control, elements of control systems including sensors, actuators, and block diagrams. The motivation for control engineering is discussed, as well as different types of control systems.

Uploaded by

Mahrukh Mumtaz Hussain
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Systems

Course Code EE 321 Credit Hours (Th-Pr)3-1

Books Mostly Consulted

Feedback Control Systems Phillips and Harbor Automatic Control Systems by DAzzo. Modern Control Theory by Ogata. Feedback Control Systems by Norman Nise

Course Objectives:

This course is aimed to build a comprehensive foundation in the analysis and design of control systems using classical and modern techniques. Both continuous and discrete-time systems are included in the course. The course covers Signal flow graph, State variable approach, Root-locus analysis and design, Frequency response analysis and design, Discrete-time systems of digital control systems.
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Introduction of Control System

A system to guide or manipulate various elements in order to achieve a prescribed result. A Control system is a device or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.

Motivation for Control Engineering

Feedback control has a long history which began with the early desire of humans to harness the materials and forces of nature to their advantage. Early examples of control devices include clock regulating systems and mechanisms for keeping wind-mills pointed into the wind. Modern industrial plants have sophisticated control systems which are crucial to their successful 5

Motivation for Control Engineering


Improved control is a key enabling technology underpinning:

enhanced product quality waste minimization environmental protection greater throughput for a given installed capacity greater yield deferring costly plant upgrades, and higher safety margins
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Kinds of control Systems

Control systems are broadly classified as either CLOSED-LOOP or OPEN-LOOP Systems in which the output quantity has no effect upon the process input quantity are called open-loop control systems. Systems in which the output has an effect upon the process input quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired output 7value

Open Loop System

Closed loop system

The block diagrams of the open-loop and the closed-loop temperature control systems are shown below,

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Why Use Feedback Control?

The first question is really "Why do you need a control system at all?" Consider the following. What good is an airplane if you are a pilot and you can't make it go where you want it to go? What good is a chemical products production line if you can't control temperature, pressure and pH in the process and you end up making tons of garbage? What good is an oven if you can't control the temperature? (And, does it matter if it's an oven in a kitchen or an oven in a heat-treating department that is used to harden metal parts?) What good is a pump if you can't control the flow rate it produces? (And, there are many times when the flow rate must be controlled.)

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Other types of control systems


Regulatory System Servomechanism (follower System) SISO System MIMO System Linear system Time Invariant System Time Variant System
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Elements of Control System

Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics, that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. The desired output of a system is called the reference. When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a 14

Elements of Control System

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Sensors
Sensors are the eyes of control enabling one to see what is going on. Indeed, one statement that is sometimes made about control is: If you can measure it, you can control it.

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Actuators
Once sensors are in place to report on the state of a process, then the next issue is the ability to affect, or actuate, the system in order to move the process from the current state to a desired state

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In summary: Sensors provide the eyes and actuators the muscle but control science provides the finesse.

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Better Sensors Provide better Vision

Better Actuators
Provide more Muscle

Better Control
Provides more finesse by combining sensors and actuators in more intelligent ways

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Block diagram of closed loop control system

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Input/ output Here, we have relationship two elements, the plant with transfer function, G, and feedback transfer function, H. The action of the summing
junction is to subtract the feedback signal B(s) from the input R(s) with the result known as the error signal, E(s) = R(s) - B(s). We exploit the properties of Laplace transforms and write the following relationships: C(s) = G(s) E(s) E(s) = R(s) - B(s) B(s) = H(s) C(s) If we want to know the relationship between the output and the input (and who wouldn't?) we eliminate the extra variable. C=GE = G(R-B) = G(R - HC) C(1+GH) = GR
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