Data Communication
Data Communication
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Definition
• Data-communication is the combination of data-
processing and communication. It includes the
processing of data of program's running on computer-
systems, and the communication over great distance
where the information is transported by using of
electrical-conductivity, radio-waves, light-signals, etc.
With data-communication it is possible to
communicate over great distances from terminals
connected on the communication network.
Three Components of Data
Communication
Ddata
Aanalog: Continuous value data (sound, light,
temperature)
Ddigital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
signal
Aanalog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
Transmission
Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals
Digital: Used only with digital signals
1. Data
• Voice
• Images
• Digital data
• Analog data
• Text
• Digitized voice or images
ElectroMagnetic Signals
Function of time
Analog (varies smoothly over time)
Digital (constant level over time,
Already in place
Significantly less expensive
Lower attenuation rates
Fully sufficient for transmission of
voice signals
Analog Encoding of Digital
Data
Data encoding and decoding
technique to represent data using the
properties of analog waves
Modulation: the conversion of digital
signals to analog form
Demodulation: the conversion of
analog data signals back to digital
form
Methods of Modulation
In early modems only, baud=BPS. The bit rate and the
symbol rate (or baud rate) are the same only when one bit is
sent on each symbol.
Voice mail
Video capture/conferencing
Codec vs. Modem
Codec is for coding analog data
into digital form and decoding it
back. The digital data coded by
Codec are samples of analog waves.
Modem is for modulating digital
data into analog form and
demodulating it back. The analog
symbols carry digital data.
Digital Encoding
of Analog Data
Primarily used in retransmission devices
The sampling theorem: If a signal is
sampled at regular intervals of time and
at a rate higher than twice the significant
signal frequency, the samples contain all
the information of the original signal.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
8000 samples/sec sufficient for 4000hz
Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
Analog voice data must be translated into
a series of binary digits before they can
be transmitted.
With Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the
amplitude of the sound wave is sampled
at regular intervals and translated into a
binary number.
The difference between the original
analog signal and the translated digital
signal is called quantizing error.
Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
Analog voice data must be translated into
a series of binary digits before they can
be transmitted.
With Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the
amplitude of the sound wave is sampled
at regular intervals and translated into a
binary number.
The difference between the original
analog signal and the translated digital
signal is called quantizing error.
PCM
PCM
PCM
PCM
Quantizing
Similar concept to pixelization
Breaks wave into pieces, assigns a
value in a particular range
8-bit range allows for 256 possible
sample levels
More bits means greater detail,
fewer bits means less detail
Transmission Timing -
Asynchronous vs.
Synchronous
Sampling timing – How to make the
clocks in a transmitter and a receiver
consistent?
Asynchronous transmission – sending
shorter bit streams and timing is
maintained for each small data block.
Synchronous transmission – To prevent
timing draft between transmitter and
receiver, their clocks are synchronized.
For digital signal, this can be
accomplished with Manchester encoding
Digital Interfaces
The point at which one device
connects to another
Standards define what signals are
sent, and how
Some standards also define
physical connector to be used
Generic Communications
Interface Illustration
DTE and DCE
Transmission Efficiency:
Multiplexing
Several data sources share a
common transmission medium
simultaneously
Line sharing saves transmission
costs
Higher data rates mean more cost-
effective transmissions
Takes advantage of the fact that
most individual data sources require
relatively low data rates
Multiplexing Diagram
Alternate Approaches to
Terminal Support
Direct point-to-point links
Multidrop line
Multiplexer
Integrated MUX function in host
Direct Point-to-Point
Multidrop Line
Multiplexer
Integrated MUX in Host
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Requires analog signaling &
transmission
Total bandwidth = sum of input
bandwidths + guardbands
Modulates signals so that each occupies
a different frequency band
Standard for radio broadcasting, analog
telephone network, and television
(broadcast, cable, & satellite)
Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)
Division Multiplexing
(TDM)
Used in digital transmission
Requires data rate of the medium to
exceed data rate of signals to be
transmitted
Signals “take turns” over medium
Slices of data are organized into frames
Used in the modern digital telephone
system
US, Canada, Japan: DS-0, DS-1 (T-1), DS-3 (T-3),
...
Europe, elsewhere: E-1, E3, …
TDM
Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing (STDM)
“Intelligent” TDM
Data rate capacity required is well
below the sum of connected
capacity
Digital only, because it requires
more complex framing of data
Widely used for remote
communications with multiple
terminals
STDM
*Transmission Efficiency:
Data Compression
Reduces the size of Codes are substituted
data files to move for compressed
more information with portions of data
fewer bits Lossless:
Used for transmission reconstituted data is
and for storage identical to original
Combines w/ (ZIP, GIF)
multiplexing to Lossy: reconstituted
increase efficiency data is only
Works on the “perceptually
principle of eliminating equivalent” (JPEG,
redundancy MPEG)
Computer Network
• An interconnected collection of autonomous
computers.
• Two computers are said to be interconnected if
they are able to exchange information.
• A system with one control unit and many slaves
is not a network.
Computer Network (Cont.)
Distributed Systems Computer
Network
The existence of multiple autonomous User must explicitly
computers is transparent to the user. do everything.
Client-server model
Scalability: Ability to
increase system
performance gradually
as the workload grows.
A Communications Model
• Source
– Generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission system
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications Model -
Diagram
Key Communications Tasks
• Transmission system utilization
• Interfacing
• Signal generation
• Synchronization
• Exchange management
• Error detection and correction
• Addressing and routing
• Recovery
• Message formatting
• Security
• Network management
Network Hardware
Transmission Technology
Broadcast Network Point – To – Point Network
All the others receive “Packets” in A packet may have to visit one
certain contexts, sent by any or more intermediate machine.
machine.
Multicasting: transmission to a
subnet of the machines.
Simplified Data Communications
Model
Networking
• Point to point communication not usually
practical
– Devices are too far apart
– Large set of devices would need impractical
number of connections
• Solution is a communications network
Simplified Network Model
Local Area Networks
• Smaller scope
– Building or small campus
• Usually owned by same organization as
attached devices
• Data rates much higher
• Usually broadcast systems
• Now some switched systems and ATM are
being introduced
Local Area Networks (Cont.)
NETWORKS
LAN MAN WAN INTERNET
LAN CHARACTERISTICS
Size Transmission Technology Topology
WAN CONSISTS OF
Establish a connection
Use the Connection
Release the connection
Acts like a tube: receive data by Messages could be received in
the same order was sent different order than it was sent
with
Application Layer
• Support for user applications
• e.g. http, SMPT
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model
OSI Model
• Open systems interconnection
• Developed by the international organization
for standardization (ISO)
• Seven layers
• A theoretical system delivered too late!
• TCP/IP is the de facto standard
OSI References Model