CCSI_2G RNO BASIC TRAINING

Prepare By: Peter Wylson Marpaung.

2G NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Call Phases
Overall Call Success Rate Call Setup Success Rate SDCCH Blocking (system) and SDCCH call Blocking TCH Blocking (system) and TCH Call Blocking Call Completion Rate

SDCCH Success Rate

get service

get SDCCH

establish SDCCH connection

get TCH

establish TCH connection

call phase

release phase

Mobile Originated Call - Speech (1) MS BTS BSC MSC VLR

CH. REQUEST (RACH) CH.ACTIVATION ACK. IMMEDIATE ASSIGN(AGCH) SERVICE REQUEST (SDCCH) ACK. AUTHENTICATION REQUEST (SDCCH) AUTHENTICATION RESP. (SDCCH) CIPHERING MODE COMM. (SDCCH) ACK. TMSI REALLOCATION COMMAND (SDCCH) ACK SETUP (SDCCH)

Sdcch_Seiz_Att (and) Sdcch_Busy_Att or Ghost_Ccch_Res Sdcch_Assign or or or or or Sdcch_Seiz_Orig Succ_Seiz_Term Succ_Emerg_Call Sdcch_Call_Re_Est Sdcch_Loc_Upd Imsi Detach (S7)

Check Restrict .

Mobile Originated Call - Speech (2) MS BTS BSC MSC VLR

SETUP (SDCCH) CALL PROCEEDING (SDCCH) ASSIGNMENT REQUEST PHYS. CONTEXT REQUEST PHYS. CONTEXT CONFIRM CH.ACTIVATION ACK. ASSIGNMENT COMMAND (SDCCH) SERVICE REQUEST (FACCH) ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE (FACCH) CH.RELEASE ACK. ALERTING (FACCH) CONNECT (FACCH) CONNECT ACK. (FACCH)

or

Tch_Request Tch_Norm_Seiz Tch_Req_Rej_Lack

+ Start of BSC traffic Measuremen

+ Start of MSC traffic Measurement

Mobile Originated Call - Speech (3) MS BTS BSC MSC VLR

CONNECT ACK. (FACCH) MEAS. REPORT (SACCH) DISCONNECT (FACCH) RELEASE (FACCH) RELEASE COMPL. (FACCH) CH. RELEASE (FACCH) SACCH RELEASE DISC. (FACCH) RF.CH. RELEASE BSC traffic ACK. ACK. & CLEAR COMPLETE SCCP RELEASE ACK.

+ End of MSC traffic Measurement

+ End of

Measurement

Dropped Calls

Dropped Calls
Dropped calls show the number of abnormal disconnections during call setup or during conversation. From a subscriber point of view, the most serious dropped calls are those that interrupts an ongoing conversation, i.e. a call dropped on the TCH. 1. Radio Link Failure . Every time a SACCH message can not be decoded the radio link time-out counter is decreased by 1. If the message can be decoded the counter is incremented by 2. However, the value can not exceed the initial value. . The initial value is set by the parameter RLT for radio link time-out in the mobile station and by SACCH Multi Frame for time-out in the BSS. . If the mobile moves out of coverage and no measurement reports are received in the BSS, there will be a radio link time-out and the message Channel Release (cause: abnormal release) sent to the mobile station and the SACCH is deactivated in the BTS. A Clear Request message is sent to the MSC. . To be sure that the mobile has stopped transmitting, the BSS now waits RLT SACCH periods before the timeslot is released and a new call can be established on the channel.

Radio Link Timeout BSS Radio Link Timeout MS because MS Should release radio channel first

1. Radio Link Timeout BSS Radio Link Timeout MS 2. because MS Should release radio channel first 3. Too High Radio Link Timeout BSS can cause congestion due to longer channel holding time. 4. Too High Radio Link Timeout MS can cause costumer complain due to connect no voice.

Causes of Radio Link Failure

Radio Link Failure event are due to below problem: Interference Internal interference External interference Equipment interference Poor coverage Coverage hole Island sites Uplink/downlink imbalance Improper parameter setting Radio link timeout, SACCH multi-frames Handover parameters Power control parameters Equipment problem (Antenna, feeder, combiner, TRX) Clock problem Transmission problem

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Radio Link Failure- Interference

Category Co-channel interference Adjacent-channel interference Inter-modulation interference and other external interference

/I : C/A : SM Recommendation >9 dB GSM Recommendation >-9 dB anning Criteria >12 dB (Non Hopping) Planning Criteria >3 dB anning Criteria >9 dB (Hopping) C/A is to measure Adjacent channel /I is to measure Co channel Interference tolerance. Interference tolerance.

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Radio Link Failure- Interference

/I : C/A : SM Recommendation >9 dB GSM Recommendation >-9 dB anning Criteria >12 dB (Non Hopping) Planning Criteria >3 dB anning Criteria >9 dB (Hopping) C/A is to measure Adjacent channel /I is to measure Co channel Interference tolerance. Interference tolerance.

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Radio Link Failure- Interference

Analysis:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If Scan-TRX of cell results in the interference band 3, 4, and 5, usually the interference problem should be taken into consideration. If there are too many times of good Rx-Level but low Rx-Quality, it means: co-frequency or adjacent frequency interference or external interference. Handover measurement function from outgoing handover attempts distribution. If there are too many times of handover caused by UL/DL Quality, it indicates possibly there is interference. See from Scan TRX for Rx-Quality level of TRX for reference. See from Scan TRX for Rx-Level and Rx-Quality upon call drop for reference.

Action:
First check equipment problems for inter-modulation interference. Mostly is bad feeder installation or bad hardware output signal. Perform drive test to check interference area and distribution of Rx-Quality to find the interferer frequency for internal interference. Then do Cell/Cluster MAL/MAIO/HSN retune. Further search for the interference source with the spectrum analyzer to search external interferer then escalate to proper part. Mostly repeater or illegal transmitter, then escalate to proper part. Activate Frequency hopping, DTX (Discontinuous Transmit) and power control functions to reduce internal interference of the system. This is parameter setting.

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Radio Link Failure- Interference

Not Overshoot, but has ICM band 5 and Bad UL Signal Quality

Page 15

Sample of Clear spectrum result

Radio Link FailureInterference

Sample of external interference from CDMA which impact to Telkomsel cells performance

DL CDMA Band suspected has too high power that disturb TSEL UL GSM Band (900.2Mhz).

16

Radio Link FailureInterference

Consider as interference issue.

17

Radio Link Failure- Coverage

1. Island Sites/Standalone sites Island sites is a site which work alone to cover wide traffic area. 2. Coverage hole: uncovered area between cellsBlank Spot. 3. Signal attenuation: serious fading occurs during signal propagation so that handover cannot be implemented in time and this causes a call drop. 4. The adjacent cell definition: incomplete neighbor relation definition, so that MS keeps conversation in the current cell until it goes beyond this cell coverage edge and as a result, call drop occurs. 5. Imbalance UL/DL: If the uplink signal coverage is larger than the downlink signal coverage, the downlink signal of the cell edge will become weak and can easily be submerged by the intensive signals of other cells. While if the downlink signal coverage is larger than the uplink signal coverage, MS has to remain under this intensive signal. However, if the uplink signal is too weak or the voice quality is too bad, call drop will occur.

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System Balance

Double UL receiver = Double UL Receive power (UL Coverage become wider))

Radio Link Failure- Coverage

Uplink Loss is Large (Uplink Coverage is small)

Downlink Loss is Large (Downlink Coverage is small)

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Radio Link Failure- Coverage

Analysis: Drive test result is the best information to found the coverage problem. 1.Idle Receiving level report show proportion of low receiving level times is too large. 2.Inter-cell handover measurement function, the level when triggering a handover is too low and the average receiving level is too low. 3.Receiving level during a call drop is too low and the TA value before a call drop is big (Check from Scan-TRX report). 4.From scanning result, founded undefined adjacent cell receiving level is too high (over-shooting coverage).The average level of undefined adjacent cells is too high (isolated island phenomenon). 5. In outgoing-cell handover measurement function, the handover success rate to a certain adjacent cell is low.
Solution for Coverage: Adjust network parameters Activate EDGE handover Faster Edge (ULEDGETHRES/DLEDGETHRES) and Interlayer handover (HOTHRES) Adjust Cell Reselection Parameter (CRO/PT/CRH/RXMIN) Add new sites Increase antenna gain (change antenna type) Adjust antenna direction (Tilt / Azimuth)

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2. Layer 2 Time-Out
T200 is a timer of acknowledgement transmission from BTS to MS through LAPD. When BTS transmits a acknowledgement message to MS, T200 times is started in LAPD. If this acknowledgement message is not received by MS until T200 timer is expired then the transmission will be repeated (retransmission).The maximum retransmission is N200+1 times. T200 will be restarted in each retransmission. So, N200 is the maximum number of retransmission of LAPD (Layer-2). If until N200+1 times of retransmission the acknowledgement message, MS still doesnt receive this message, then the connection will be dropped.

Longer T200 value, means longer BSS to wait. Longer T200 value, means longer channel will hold by an UE. This will cause congestion for sites which have hi Channel utilization. Shorter T200 Value , means Faster BSS to trigger disconnection. This will cause low SDSR. Shorter T200 value , means easy for BSS to release channel which hold by UE previously. This will reduce congestion at cell channel due to shorter channel holding time.

3. Excessive Timing Advance

The TCH Drop counters due to Excessive Timing Advance will pegged during the time of disconnection, the last Timing Advance value recorded was higher than the Max TA Parameter. This drop reason is commonly apparent to isolated or island sites with a wide coverage area. Action: Check if the cell parameter Max TA is < 63. Check if the co-channel cells are overshooting. Solution: Set Max TA to a value close to 63. Activate TAHOEN. Faster handover trigger due to TA -> Adjust TALIMIT to proper TA value base on site to site distance. Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for co-channel cells.

4. Low Signal Strength on Downlink or Uplink or Both Links

Normally a call is dropped at the border of large rural cell with insufficient coverage. Bad tunnel coverage cause many dropped calls as well as so called coverage holes. Bad indoor coverage will result in dropped calls. Building shadowing could be another reason. Action: Check coverage plots. Check output power. Check power balance and link budget. Check if Omni site. Check antenna configuration & type. Check antenna installation. Perform drive tests & site survey. Check TRX with high Fail Number. Solution: Add a repeater to increase coverage in for example a tunnel. Change to a better antenna (with higher gain) for the base station. Add a new base station if there are large coverage holes. Block/unblock TRX Adjust Power control parameter (SET GCELLPWRBASIC/SET GCELLPWR2/SET GCELLPWR3)

Parameter type
Before After

DLAFSREXQ DLAFSREXQ DLAHSREX DLAHSREX ULAFSREXQ ULAFSREXQ ULAHSREX ULAHSREX DLRXLEVP DLRXQUAL UALHIGHT UALLOWTH QUALHIGH QUALLOWT DLMAXDO UALHIGHT UALLOWTH QUALHIGH QUALLOWT ULMAXDO ROTECTFA PROTECTFA HRED RED THRED HRED WNSTEP HRED RED THRED HRED WNSTEP CTOR CTOR

16 14

16 14

18 16

18 16

8 4

16 14

16 14

18 16

18 16

8 4

10 10

60 65

On 7th Nov. the power control optimization, improved DL/UL quality to reducedrop callsdue to handover.
Parameter type
Before After DLFSREXQU DLFSREXQU DLHSREXQU DLHSREXQU ULFSREXQU ULFSREXQU ULHSREXQU ULHSREXQU ULRXQUALP DLRXLEVPR DLRXQUALP ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ALHIGHTHR ALLOWTHRE ROTECTFAC OTECTFACT ROTECTFAC ED D ED D ED D ED D TOR OR TOR 18 14 18 14 18 15 18 15 18 14 18 14 18 15 18 15 65 75 10 15 65 75

On 16th Nov. the power control optimization, improved DL/UL quality to reducedrop callsdue to handover.

5. Poor Quality on Downlink or Uplink or Both Links

Problem on Bad Quality is usually associated with Co-channel Interference on BCCH or TCH. Faulty MAIO assignment can cause frequency collisions on co-sited cells especially on 1x1 Reuse. External interference is also one possible cause of problem on quality. Action: Check C/I and C/A plots. Check Frequency Plan (Co-BCCH or Co-BSIC Problem). Check MAIO, HOP, HSN parameters. Check FHOP if correctly configured (BB or SFH). Check for External Interference. Perform drive tests. Solution: Change BCCH frequency. Change BSIC. Change MAIO, HOP, HSN. Change MAL.

6. Sudden Loss of Connection

There are some common scenarios that could lead to Sudden Loss of connections such as very sudden and severe drops in signal strength, such as when subscribers enter into buildings, elevators, parking garages, etc., very sudden and severe occurrence of interference, MS runs out of battery during conversation, Handover Lost, BTS HW faults, Synchronization or A-bis link fault (transmission faults), and MS Faults. Action: Check BTS Error Logs, Alarms and Fault Codes. Check Fail number per TRX and TS. Check Transmission Link (A-bis). Check LAPD Congestion. Correlate Handover Lost to Drops due to Sudden Loss Solution: Fix Hardware Faults and Alarms. Reset TRX with high Fail Number. Ensure that Synchronization and A-bis Link are stable. increase Transmission Capacity Investigate HO Lost Problem

7. Improper feature activation

Feature activation which activated not in proper cell will cause new problem. Incorrect use of radio features such as Dynamic Power Control, handover, Intra-Cell Handover, Frequency Hopping, etc. Action: Check Feature parameter setting. Solution: Correct strange and erroneous parameter setting. Below is the sample

Adjusted 119 cells INTRACELLHOEN YES->NO at 16 Nov, Observe the performance of the adjusted, Call Drops on Radio Interface in Handover State decreased, Call Drops on Radio Interface in Stable State did not significantly improve. Significantly improved the overall call drop number.

8. Bad Parameter Configuration

Some idle and dedicated parameter which adjusted not in rule will cause KPI degradation. Action: Check parameter setting. Solution: Correct strange and erroneous parameter setting. Below is the sample

Parameter type

T3103A

T3103C

T7

T8

T3109

T3105

MAXRESEND

Before After

15000 20000

15000 20000

10000 22000

16000 22000

27000 30000

7 15

30 60

After the cellHandoverparameters optimization, improved the handover performance to reducedrop callsdue to handover.

SDCCH Drop Performance

Probable Reasons of Drops on SDCCH

Low Signal Strength on Down or Uplink The reason for poor coverage could be too few sites, wrong output power, shadowing, no indoor coverage or network equipment failure. Action: Check coverage plots. Check output power. Perform drive tests. Check BTS error log Solution: Add new sites. Increase output power. Repair faulty equipment. Adjust TRX POWER parameter (POWT/POWL) Adjust antenna direction & Tilt Poor Quality on Down or Uplink Action: Check C/I and C/A plots. Check frequency plan. Perform drive tests. Solution: Change frequency. Adjust TRX POWER parameter (POWT/POWL) Move SDCCH to BCCH TRX Too High Timing Advance Action: Check if the cell parameter Max TA is < 63. Check if the co-channel cells are over-heard. Solution: Set Max TA to a value close to 63. Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for co-channel cells. Mobile Error Some old mobiles may cause dropped calls if certain radio network features are used. Another reason is that the MS is damaged and not working properly. Action: .Check MS type from Core team. Solution: Inform operator.

Probable Reasons of Drops on SDCCH

Subscriber Behavior Poorly educated subscribers could use their handsets incorrectly by not raising antennas, choosing ill-advised locations to attempt calls, etc. Action: Check customer complaints and their MS. Battery Flaw When a subscriber runs out of battery during a conversation, the call will be registered as dropped call due to low signal strength or others. Action: Check if MS power regulation is used. Check if DTX uplink is used. Congestion on TCH The SDCCH is dropped when congestion on TCH. Action: Check TCH congestion Solution: Increase capacity on TCH or using features like Assignment to another cell (Direct retry), Cell Load Sharing, HCS, Half rate parameter(TCHAJFLAG,TCHBUSYTHRESH) etc.

Handover Performance

Handover Performance
Handover is a key function in a GSM network and a key technology of mobile communication system which make continued conversation become possible. If the handover performance is poor the subscriber will perceive the quality of the network as bad.

MSC 2 BSC 1
intra cell outgoing inMSC controlledcoming inter BSC cell inter BSC

MSC 1
target source MSC controlled

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Bad handover Parameter Setting A bad setting of handover control parameters might result that the handover will seldom rank the cell as a candidate. Action: Check parameter setting. Solution: Correct bad parameter setting (GCELLHOBASIC/GCELLHOEMG/GCELLHOCTRL, etc) Unnecessary Neighboring Cell Relation None or very few handovers might indicate an unnecessary neighboring cell relation. Action: Check neighbor cell relations Solution: Check if the relations really should be defined. Remove unnecessary cell relations. Maximum relation are 32 for inter2G and 32 for Inter System (2g to 3G). But recommended are 15 for each handover type. To reduce signaling load. The Base Station is Defined But Not in Service. Action: Check reason for BTS not in service. Solution: Take action to set the base station in service. HW faults. Action: Check BTS error log.

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Wrong External Cell Configuration This will cause no handover decisions to the an external cell. Action: Check external cell data (BCCH/NCC/BCC/LAC/CI) Solution: Change it to correct Value. Permitted Network Color Code problem If NCCPERMIT doesnt include neighboring cells NCC, there will be no handovers. Action: Check NCCPERMIT. Solution: Add NCC of neighbors to NCCPERMiT. Wrong Use of Layer Action: Check Layer related parameters. Wrong layer will influence traffic share strategy. Then it will give impact to other KPI. Solution: Change to proper value. SET GCELLBASICPARA: LAYER= x; Poor inter-MSC/BSC handover performance If the cell is at the border of inter-BSC or inter-MSC, poor inter-MSC/BSC handover performance will cause few or no handover attempts. Action: Check inter-MSC/BSC handover performance The MS Measures Signal Strength of Another Co- or Adjacent. Action: Check frequency plan..Perform drive tests. Solution: Decrease interference. . Bad Use of Radio Network Features Incorrect use of radio features such as Dynamic Power Control, handover, Intra-Cell Handover, Frequency Hopping, etc. Action: Check Feature parameter setting.

Probable Reasons of Bad Handover Performance

Congestion A high congestion might lead to dragged calls (handover performed at a improper location) and a lot of unsuccessful handovers. Action: Check TCH congestion at both origin and destination cells. Solution: Add more TCH capacity. Activate Half rate feature (TCHAJFLAG), Adjust Share traffic parameter. Timer Expire After MS is Lost (T3103A/C,T7,T8,etc) The MS never answers the base station. Action: Check coverage. Check interference. Longer the timer may improve it, but will make longer channel holding time. Link Connection or HW Failure Action: Check BTS error log. Perform site visit. Perform link performance measurements. Solution: Repair faulty equipment. Bad Antenna Installation Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation. Check antenna cabling. Solution: Adjust antenna installation, antenna type or cabling. Antennas Connected to Wrong Feeder Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation. Check antenna cabling. Solution: Correct the antenna to the right sector. Incorrect Down Tilt Action: Perform site survey and check antenna installation. Solution: Correct antenna tilting. To much down tilt value will cause blank coverage and dragging. Too Big tilt value will cause overshoot till N Layer, which neighbor not create at N layer area.

Link Connection or HW Failure

TRX346 & 223 Hardware problem of site 2131103_AntsnKecilTimur. After solved the problem, the incoming handover success number became normal.

SDCCH Congestion

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion

Low Availability Action: Check SDCCH Availability. Check if the channels are manual, control or automatic blocked. Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures. Increasing Traffic Demand The high traffic could be related to an occasional event or due to a long term growth. Action: Check if short term traffic growth. Make trend comparisons. Check SDCCH dimensioning. Solution: Increase the number of SDCCH channels. Note, that an increase may lead to the need for new transceivers. Long Mean Holding Time If the mean holding time is long, this generates a higher traffic load. Action: Check SDCCH Mean Holding Time. Too Frequent Periodic Registration Action: Check Random Access Distribution. Check the timer T3212 in the BSC and the parameters BTDM and GTDM in the MSC Solution: Decrease the periodic registration (t3212) and Adjust CRH (Cell Reselection Hysteresis).

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion

Location Area Border Cell If the cell is situated on a misplaced Location Area border, this means that unnecessary many normal LUs are performed. Action: Check site position and location area border. Check Location Update Performance. Check parameter CRH etc. Solution: If the site is located close to major road or railway, consider to move the Location Area border. Increase the hysteresis CRH. The CRH is the hysteresis value used . when the MS in idle mode crosses a LA border. The default value for this parameter is 4. If a high number of Location Updating occurs in a Location Area border cell, a higher CRH can be set in order to reduce the number of LUs. Extensive SMS Usage Extensive SMS usage increases the SDCCH traffic and could cause congestion if badly dimensioned SDCCH channels. Action: Check SMS activity. Solution: Re-dimension the SDCCH channels with consideration taken to SMS usage. Cell Broadcast Used Action: Check if Cell Broadcast is active. .If active, check if it is used by the operator. Solution: Remove Cell Broadcast if not used (SDCCH_CBCH). IMSI Attach/Detach in Use. An introduction of IMSI attach/detach will increase the traffic on SDCCH. However, the benefits are that the paging success rate will increase. The recommendation is to use Attach/Detach. BTS /Cell Software Hang Action: Reset BTS . It will restart all hardware onsite.

Probable Reasons of SDCCH Congestion due to Long Mean Holding Time

Congestion on TCH Action: Check TCH Congestion Solution: Increase the TCH capacity. Congestion on Signaling Routes Action: Check signaling performance & transmission capacity. Solution: Add more transmission capacity or re-route traffic if possible. False Accesses No response from MS after Channel Request. The system waits about T200 seconds before performing a disconnection and the channel is available again. Action: Check frequency plan. Check interference. Solution: Improve frequency plan and reduce interference. Reduce T200 SDCCH value. Faulty Transceiver Action: Check BTS error log. Solution: Change & repair faulty equipment

TCH Congestion

Probable Reasons of TCH Congestion

Increasing Traffic Demand The high traffic could be related to an occasional event or due to a long term growth. Action:. Check if short term traffic growth. Make trend comparisons..Check TCH dimensioning. Check the use of congestion relieving features such as Assignment to Worse cell, Cell Load Sharing and HCS. Solution: Increase the number of transceivers. But check for frequency availability. Bad Dimensioning Bad allocation of TCH in a system may cause unnecessary congestion. Investigate if possible to move transceivers from non-congested areas to congested areas (Rebalancing). Of course, the base station type, current number of transceivers, floor space, combiner type, etc., should be considered before a recommendation to move transceiver could be made. Action: Check TCH traffic and dimensioning. Solution: Re-dimension the TCH. Hardware Fault & Installation Fault Faulty equipment will lead to that all time slots could not be used for handling traffic causing congestion. Low availability can happen if the channels have been manually or automatically blocked and taken out of service. Action: Check TCH Availability. Check TCH blocking. Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures.

Probable Reasons of TCH Congestion

High Antenna Position A high antenna position could mean a too large service area. Also antennas placed on hilltops will cover large areas. A large coverage area might mean that the cell takes a lot of traffic. Action: Check antenna height. Check antenna type. Check antenna tilt Solution: Lower antenna if there is no risk for loss of coverage (no coverage at all). Tilting of the antenna or changing antenna type may also decrease the coverage area. Wrong Use of Layer Action: Check Layer related parameters. Wrong layer will influence traffic share strategy. Then it will give impact to other KPI. Solution: Change to proper value. SET GCELLBASICPARA: LAYER= x; Low Handover Activity A low handover activity may lead to congestion if the MS is forced to stay on a cell longer than necessary. Action: Check if congestion in neighboring cell. Check handover performance. Check neighboring cell definitions. Missing relations could cause handover problems. Solution: Correct handover parameters such as too high or too low hysteresis/Threshold values, missing neighbor relations, one-way handovers. Low Congestion in Surrounding Cells Action: Check congestion in neighboring cells. Review neighbor cell list. New relation could relieve the congestion. Solution: Add new neighbor cells if appropriate. Then adjust CRO/GCELLHOBASIC/GCELLHOEMG parameter.

PS Access Success Rate

obable Reasons of Low PS Access Success

Radio Channel Congestion High PS traffic compare to available PS channel. Action:. Check if PS has higher traffic load but CS is not. Or PS and CS has same high load. Solution: Add more PS capacity (TCHFR or PDTCH)SET GTRXCHAN and adjust PS channel conversion threshold. TCHs are set to TCHHR While a TCH is on TCHHR status, then it can not become a PS channel. Action: Check PS traffic compare to TCHFR+PDTCH. Solution: Change TCHHR to TCHFR as initial channel state. Fail Conversion from TCH to PDTCH While PDTCH capacity in a cell already full, then system will try to convert TCHFR to PDTCH. But it will fail if TCH in congestion state Action: Check TCH Availability. Check TCH blocking. Solution: Change and repair faulty equipment. Review the O&M procedures. Do CS traffic share to improve PS capacity. Imbalance/Overload PDTCH distribution at DSP board. DSP use in BSC to process PS service before forward to SGSN. When DSP load is more than 80% then some cells under this DSP will have low PS accessibility. Action: Check DSP load distribution for every slot number. Solution: If Imbalance load: try to make Cell-DSP mapping become automatic (SET PSCELLTODSP: IDXTYPE=BYBSC;) If Overload DSP: Add more DSP board. Abis Congestion

E1 Description
1 1 1 1 1 E1 contain 32 timeslot (0-31) Timeslot in E1 contain 4 Sub slot. E1 =2.048 Mbps Timeslot in E1 = 2.048 Mbps/32 = 64 Kbps E1 Sub slot in E1 = 64 Kbps/4 = 16 Kbps

If user get 1 E1 sub slot and single/alone TBF in 1 PDTCH, then he has 16 Kbps throughput at maximum (Theoretical). Then we have coding scheme to compress the data become smaller. GPRS has CS1-CS4/EDGE has MCS1-9.

obable Reasons of Low PS Access Success

HI TBF number In Uplink and Downlink High PS traffic compare to TBF capacity in 1 PDTCH. Action:. Check for maximum TBF in BH. Solution: Adjust UL/DL multiplexing. Too high will cause throughput degradation/Too Small will cause high throughput but small TBF capacity.

Parameter LQCMODE T3168 UPDYNCHNTRANLEV DWNDYNCHNTRANLEV PDCHUPLEV PDCHDWNLEV Before After LA IR 500ms 1000ms 40 20 40 20 70 70 80 160

LQCMODE: Use IR can to obtain better effect when the UM transmission quality is poor. T3168:Decrease the number of times of MS no response . UPDYNCHNTRANLEV: Faster uplink switch PDCH request. DWDYNCHNTRANLEV: Faster downlink switch PDCH request. PDCHDWNLEV:TBF to increase the number of carrying PDCH.

GPRS AND EDGE

Both GPRS and EDGE using same 2G GSM technology. EDGE developed to improve 2G data Rate better than GPRS. EDGE is a method to increase the data rates on the radio link for GSM. Basically, EDGE only introduces a new modulation technique and new channel coding that can be used to transmit both packet-switched and circuitswitched voice and data services.

Although GPRS and EDGE share the same symbol rate, the modulation bit rate differs. EDGE can transmit three times as many bits as GPRS during the same period of time. This is the main reason for the higher EDGE bit rates.

GPRS AND EDGE

EDGE using GMSK for MCS1-4 then 8PSK for MCS5-9. GPRS using GMSK modulation technology. Both GPRS CS1 to CS4 and EGPRS MCS1 to MCS4 use GMSK modulation with slightly different throughput performances. This is due to differences in header size (and payload size) of the EGPRS packets.

Frequency Hopping

There are 3 Types of Frequency Hopping:

1. Baseband Hopping (BB)
Baseband Hopping concept, assign Frequency for every TRX in a cell. This Frequency planning method has less capacity, because limitation TRX count base on frequency availability. 1 TRX= 1 Frequency Minimum MAL Frequency should provide/Sites= Count TRX Hopping

3. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SFH)

SFH SFH 1*3 SFH 1*1 Concept offer more TRX capacity with efficient frequency management. Result are: increment capacity which improve CS and PS performance Improved voice quality and prevention of dropped calls in GSM

Minimum MAL Frequency should provide= 2 * Count TRX Hopping * 3

5. Enhanced SFH

Frequency Hopping Parameter

MAL (Mobile Allocation Set):
MA is the set of available RF bands when hopping, containing at most 64 frequency carriers. The frequency being used must be those of the available frequency

MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)

MAIO is used to define the initial frequency of the hopping. Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels, otherwise interference occurs.

HSN (hopping sequence number)

HSN is used to define the hopping sequence from one frequency list.

HSN=0 cycle hopping. HSN0 random hopping. Every sequence number corresponds a pseudo random sequence.

Baseband Frequency Hopping Mapping

Every TRX have 1 Frequency result. If we have 4 TRX then we should have 4 clean frequency.

SFH 1*3 Frequency Hopping Mapping

MAL is drawn up from high to low

Every sector has different MAL. MAIO is depend on TRX HOPPING Count.

SFH 1*1 Frequency Hopping Mapping

MA LIST 1*1 SECTOR1 SECTOR2 SECTOR3 0 F1 F1 F1 1 F2 F2 F2 2 F3 F3 F3 3 F4 F4 F4 4 F5 F5 F5 5 F6 F6 F6 6 F7 F7 F7 7 F8 F8 F8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 15 F16 F16 F16 16 F17 F17 F17 17 F18 F18 F18 18 F19 F19 F19 19 F20 F20 F20 20 F21 F21 F21 21 F22 F22 F22 22 F23 F23 F23 23 F24 F24 F24 24 F25 F25 F25 25 F26 F26 F26 26 F27 F27 F27 27 F28 F28 F28 28 F29 F29 F29 29 F30 F30 F30 30 F31 F31 F31 31 F32 F32 F32 32 F33 F33 F33

Every sector has Same MAL. MAIO is depend on TRX HOPPING Count.

Cell Selection / Reselection

Cell Selection and Reselection Parameter

C1 is a cell selection algorithm employed in GSM and GPRS. The algorithm uses the power received from cells plus additional parameters in order to assess the cell that will provide the best radio connection for the MS (Mobile Station). C2 is the GSM cell reselection algorithm. Once the MS (Mobile Station) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the best radio connection. As the user moves the camped on cell may become unsuitable. This situation will generate a cell reselection. C31 is a criteria based algorithm used as part of the GPRS cell reselection process. It is used to assess if prospective cells qualify as reselection candidates prior to applying the C32 GPRS cell reselection algorithm. C32 is the GPRS cell reselection algorithm. Once the MS (Mobile Station) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the best radio connection. As the user moves the camped on cell may become unsuitable. This situation will generate a cell reselection.

Cell Selection Parameter

C1 = (Amax(B,0)) where
A = Average Received level from Cell RX_ACCESS_MIN (in dBm) B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH P (in dBm). The Average received level (AV_RXLEV) is found by averaging RXLEV samples over a period. RX_ACCESS_MIN is a cell parameter which set minimum allowed RXLEV for an MS to access that cell. MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH is the maximum TX power an MS may use when accessing the system (using RACH). P is the maximum RF output power of the MS, usually 33dBm for a handheld GSM900 and 30dBm for a handheld GSM1800 MS. Often the latter term in C1 equals 0 and equation (1) can be simplified to;

C1 = AV_RXLEV RX_ACCESS_MIN For example, if the minimum allowed level to gain access to a cell is 100dBm and the received average level at the cells BCCH frequency is -80 dBm, MS calculates C1 as +20 for that particular cell. MS camps to the cell with the highest C1 value. There is an exception to the standard procedure described above. When MS evaluates C1 values for cells belonging to a different Location Area (LA), it subtracts a parameter called CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS from the C1 value, which means that those cells are given a negative offset. The reason for this is that changing LA requires a Location Update (LU) procedure that consumes network signaling capacity. Thus, by assigning a negative offset to C1, unnecessary LUs caused by slow fading can be reduced. MS receives information

Cell Re-Selection Parameter

Cell reselection criterion C2 is defined as C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET TEMPORARY_OFFSET*H when timer T > PENALTY_TIME then H=0 >>>> C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET timer T PENALTY_TIME then H=1 >>>> C2=C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET TEMPORARY_OFFSET Penalty Time=31 >>>> C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET

BCCH Re-selection in Border LAC

Higher CRH value will hold an UE in a cell longer. Then give decrement of Location update attempt.

2G SYSTEM INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO KNOW

System Information Overview

SYSTEM INFORMATION sent on BCCH SYSTEM INFORMATION Includes:

1, 2, 2BIS, 2TER, 3, and 4 Used by MS in idle mode. SYSTEM INFORMATION sent on SACCH SYSTEM INFORMATION Includes:

5, 5BIS, 5TER, and 6 Used by MS in Dedicated mode.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 1: Cell Channel Description

IDLE SYSTEM INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATION 3:

Cell Identity LAI( location area identity) Control Channel Description MS ATTACH/DEATTACH allowed Indicator ATT, BS-AG-BLKS-RES, CCCH-CONF, BAPA-MFRMS, and T3212. Cell Option (BCCH Cell Selection Parameter RACH Control Parameter SYSTEM INFORMATION 4: LAI Cell Selection Parameter RACH Control Parameter CBCH Channel Description CBCH Mobile Configuration SI4 Rest Oct. (parameters related to cell reselection) SYSTEM INFORMATION 7 & 8: Cell reselection parameter indicator (PI) Cell Bar Qualify (CBQ) Cell Bar Access (CBA) Cell_Reselect_Offset (CRO) Temporary Offset (TO)

contains all the frequencies used in this cell RACH Control Parameter

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2: Neighbor Cell Frequency Description NCC permitted RACH Control Parameter

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2BIS: Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description RACH Control Parameter SYSTEM INFORMATION 2TER : Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description MS using dual band

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5:

DEDICATED SYSTEM INFORMATION

Neighbor Cell BCCH Frequency Description.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5BIS:

Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5TER:

Extended neighbor cell BCCH frequency description Only dual band MS can read information.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 6: Cell Global Identity (CGI) LAI Cell Option NCC Permitted

2G CHANNEL CONFIGURATION IMPORTANT TO KNOW

Important Type of TRX Channel Type

TCHFR(TCH Full Rate) Can automatically converted to PDTCH at PS BH base on Dynamic PDTCH Conversion parameter It has 13 kbit/s TCHHR(TCH Half Rate) Cannot automatically converted to PDTCH at PS BH base on Dynamic PDTCH Conversion parameter It has 5.6 kbit/s

SDCCH8(SDCCH8) Contain 8 sub slot = 8 user at same time

MBCCH(Main BCCH) Every cell in 2G should have BCCH for system information broadcast

CBCCH(Combined BCCH) BCCH + CCCH

BCH(BCH), Extended BCCH

BCCH_CBCH(BCCH+CBCH) BCCH + Cell Broadcast

SDCCH_CBCH(SDCCH+CBCH) SDCCH/4+ Cell Broadcast

PDTCH For Static PS Channel DL have 16 TBF at maximum an UL have 7 TBF capacity at Maximum

Other: PBCCH_PDTCH(PBCCH+PDTCH), PCCCH_PDTCH(PCCCH+PDTCH), DPDCH(Dynamic PDCH)

Some Sample of Parameter Adjustment reference

1.Power Control 3 2.INTRACELLHOEN 3.EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1 4.EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE 5.MAXRESEND 6.SUPPSDLPC

Site Information

Power Control 3 Implementation

CR

1. Change power control type II to power control type III for all cells of cluster Kudus on Mar 26. 2. Type III have more efficient power control than power control II. 3. All CS KPI improve after adjust.

Site Information

Power Control 3 Implementation

CSSR increased after adjusted

SDSR increased after adjusted

Site Information

Power Control 3 Implementation

TDR decreased after adjusted

HOSR increased after adjust.

INTRACELLHOEN
Site Information

CR

1. Adjust parameter INTRACELLHOEN from Yes to No for all NPI cells on February 10. 2. All cells use the RF Hopping, the all TRX quality almost same in the one cell due to use the same frequency.

INTRACELLHOEN
Site Information
CSSR increased after adjusted

SDSR increased after adjusted

INTRACELLHOEN
Site Information
TDR decreased after adjusted

HOSR decreased after adjust.

EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1
Site Information

CR

1. Adjust EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1 to faster for all cells of cluster Kudus on Mar 12 2. MS easier to execute EDGE Handover in the case of the poor Receive Level. 3. TDR &HOSR improve after adjusted.

EDGESTAT1/ EDGELAST1
Site Information
TDR decreased after adjusted

HOSR increased after adjusted

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information

CR

1. 2. 3.

Adjust NO to YES for EGPRS11BITCHANREQ for all cells of cluster Kudus on February 15 Speed up the MS access to PDCH channel. IRs error correction better than LA.

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information

TBF completion Success rate increased after adjusted

EGPRS11BITCHANREQ/LQCMODE
Site Information
Uplink TBF establish Success Rate increased after adjust

Downlink TBF establish Success Rate increased after adjust.

MAXRESEND
Site Information

CR

1. Adjust 40 to 150 for MAXRESEND for all cells of cluster Purwokerto on February 15 2. The CS performance improved after adjusted.

MAXRESEND
Site Information
Uplink TBF establish Success Rate increased after adjust

Downlink TBF establish Success Rate increased after adjust.

MAXRESEND
Site Information
TDR decreased after adjusted

HOSR increased after adjust.

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary

1. Feature activation for PS power control for cluster 4 of Yogya on Apr 12. 2. Reduce the PS interference of CS. improve the quality of CS. 3. The TDR&CSSR&HOSR improved after adjusted. But SDSR decreased due to many cells still have interference.

CR

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary
CSSR increased after adjust

SDSR decreased after adjust.

SUPPSDLPC
Parameter Summary
TDR decreased after adjusted

HOSR increased after adjust.