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Chapter 04

The document discusses integrated circuits and how they are constructed from transistors and logic gates. It describes how transistors can be used to build basic logic gates like NOT, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR. These gates can then be combined into more complex combinational logic circuits and arithmetic circuits like half adders and full adders. The document also explains how millions of these logic gates can be embedded onto a single integrated circuit through photolithography, allowing the construction of advanced computer chips containing billions of transistors like central processing units.

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33 views35 pages

Chapter 04

The document discusses integrated circuits and how they are constructed from transistors and logic gates. It describes how transistors can be used to build basic logic gates like NOT, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR. These gates can then be combined into more complex combinational logic circuits and arithmetic circuits like half adders and full adders. The document also explains how millions of these logic gates can be embedded onto a single integrated circuit through photolithography, allowing the construction of advanced computer chips containing billions of transistors like central processing units.

Uploaded by

lvsaru
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Gates and Circuits

Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS

Whats in this thing????

42

Chapter Goals
How to make a gate from transistors How to make integrated circuits using gates

The basic gates and their behavior


How gates are combined into (useful) circuits

43

Chapter Goals
Describe gates and circuits using:
Boolean expressions Truth Tables Logic Diagrams

Understand half adders, full adders, and binary addition circuits


44

Computers and Electricity


Transistor A device that can be used to make gates Gate A device that performs a basic operation on bit(s) Circuits Gates combined to perform more complicated tasks

45

Computers and Electricity


3 ways to describe the same thing
Boolean expressions logic diagrams truth tables

46

Computers and Electricity


Boolean expressions A mathematical notation for expressing TRUE/FALSE logic

Example:

F = AB + C

47

Computers and Electricity


Logic diagram A graphical representation of a circuit
Each type of gate is represented by a specific graphical symbol

Truth table A table showing all possible input value and the associated output values

48

Gates
Lets examine the processing of the following six types of gates
NOT AND OR XOR NAND NOR

49

NOT Gate
A NOT gate accepts one input value and produces one output value Aka an inverter

Figure 4.1 Various representations of a NOT gate

410

AND Gate
An AND gate accepts two input signals If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0

Figure 4.2 Various representations of an AND gate

411

OR Gate

If the two input values are both 0, the output value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Figure 4.3 Various representations of a OR gate

412

NAND and NOR Gates


The NAND and NOR gates are essentially the opposite of the AND and OR gates, respectively

Figure 4.5 Various representations of a NAND gate

Figure 4.6 Various representations of a NOR gate

415

Constructing Gates
Transistor A device that acts as a switch, either open or closed (on or off)
A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like a switch

It is made of a semiconductor material, which is neither a particularly good conductor of electricity, such as copper, nor a particularly good insulator, such as rubber

414

Constructing Gates
Transistor terminals
Source Base Emitter

If the electrical signal is grounded, it is allowed to flow through an alternative route to the ground (literally) where it can do no harm
Figure 4.8 The connections of a transistor

415

Constructing Gates
It turns out that, because the way a transistor works, the easiest gates to create are the NOT, NAND, and NOR gates

Figure 4.9 Constructing gates using transistors

416

Combinational Circuits
Consider the following Boolean expression A(B + C)

Page 100 Page 101

417

Adders
At the digital logic level, addition is performed in binary Addition operations are carried out by special circuits called, appropriately, adders

418

A Half Adder
Recall that 1 PLUS 1 = 10 in base two

In other words:

0 with a carry of 1

Inputs
A 0 B 0 Carry 0

Outputs
Sum 0

0
1 1

1
0 1

0
0 1

1
1 0

419

Half Adder Circuit


Two Boolean expressions:

sum = A B carry = AB

Page 103

420

A Full Adder
A circuit called a full adder takes the carry-in value into account
Inputs

A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Outputs CarryCarry In Out Sum 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Integrated Circuits
We can combine 4 full adders to make a Four-bit Adder Circuit (about 60 transistors)

Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS

Whats in this thing????


Chip Fabrication Technology

423

Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuit (also called a chip) A piece of silicon on which many gates have been embedded

424

Silicon Valley
Sand is mostly Silicon Dioxide

425

Silicon Valley
Silicon Dioxide ingots and wafers

426

Silicon Valley
Photolithography Printed with lots of copies of some circuit

427

Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS

Whats in this thing????


Computer Architecture: Combining Abstractions into larger Abstractions

428

Transistors and Gates

429

Integrated Circuits
An simple chip containing 4 independent NAND gates (about 8 transistors)

430

Integrated Circuits
A four-bit Full Adder Circuit

Integrated Circuits
An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) has adders and other things in it

Integrated Circuits
A simple Central Processing Unit, or CPU has an ALU and other things Take Engineering 303 Digital Logic Design!!

CPU Chips
A recent CPU chip (Intel Nehelem) 731 Million transistors

434

The Future of the IC


Global Competition Further Integration (ARM)

435

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