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Class 16 - Insertion Sort

The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It provides information on bubble sort and insertion sort algorithms, including pseudocode descriptions and analyses of their best, average, and worst case time complexities. For bubble sort, the worst case is O(n^2) time with (N-1) iterations and on average (N/2) comparisons per iteration. For insertion sort, the worst case is also O(n^2) time, with (N-1) iterations and on average (N/2) comparisons per iteration.

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Ankit Kasat
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46 views

Class 16 - Insertion Sort

The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It provides information on bubble sort and insertion sort algorithms, including pseudocode descriptions and analyses of their best, average, and worst case time complexities. For bubble sort, the worst case is O(n^2) time with (N-1) iterations and on average (N/2) comparisons per iteration. For insertion sort, the worst case is also O(n^2) time, with (N-1) iterations and on average (N/2) comparisons per iteration.

Uploaded by

Ankit Kasat
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Structures & Algorithms

Prof. Ravi Prakash Gorthi Aug-Dec, 2010

Data Structures & Algorithms


Topics Why Study DS & Algorithms? Abstract Data Types Arrays and Linked Lists Stacks & Queues Trees & Graphs Sorting and Searching Complexity of Algorithms

Bubbling All the Elements


2 1 3 4 5
# of comparisons is on an average N/2

Number of Iterations is (N 1)

1 42 1 35 1 12 1 12 1 5

2 35 2 12 2 35 2 5 2 12

3 12 3 42 3 5 3 35 3 35

4 77 4 5 4 42 4 42 4 42

5 5 5 77 5 77 5 77 5 77

6 101 6 101 6 101 6 101 6 101

Bubble Sort Algorithm


Sorted-List[] := Bubble-Sort (USL[], N); /* USL*1:N+ contains the N Unsorted Integers */ { int J := N 1; boolean did-swap := true; while ((J > 0) AND (did-swap)) do /* this while loop performs (N-1) iterations */ { did-swap := false;
In the worst-case, the number of iterations is (N-1)!

for (K = 1 to J) do /* this for loop bubbles-up the next largest integer into the (J+1) position progressively*/ { if (USL[K] > USL[K + 1]) then { Swap (USL[K], USL[K + 1]); did-swap := true; In the worst-case, } the number of } comparisons is N/2! J := J 1; } return (USL[]); }

Bubble Sort Algorithm


Sorted-List[] := Bubble-Sort (USL[], N); /* USL*1:N+ contains the N Unsorted Integers */ { int J := N 1; boolean did-swap := true; while ((J > 0) AND (did-swap)) do /* this while loop performs (N-1) iterations */ { did-swap := false;
In the best-case, the number of iterations is 1!

for (K = 1 to J) do /* this for loop bubbles-up the next largest integer into the (J+1) position progressively*/ { if (USL[K] > USL[K + 1]) then { Swap (USL[K], USL[K + 1]); did-swap := true; In the best-case, the } the number number of comparisons of } comparisons is (N-1)! is N! J := J 1; } return (USL[]); }

Complexity of Bubble Sort Algorithm


In the worst-case, this algorithm performs (N 1) iterations and on an average (N/2) comparisons in each iteration; that is, (N 1) * (N/2). Worst-case Complexity is O (n2). In the Best-case, when the given list is already sorted, this algorithm makes N comparisons; i.e. complexity is O (n). Assume that there are 1million integers and each comparison takes 1 micro-second. This sort algorithm takes ((10) ** (12)) * ( (10) ** (-6)) seconds, which is (10**(6)) seconds or approximately 278 hours or 11 days.

Insertion Sort

Example: sorting numbered cards

23
1

17
2

45
3

18
4

12
5

22
6

Example: sorting numbered cards

17
1 2

45
3

18
4

12
5

22
6

23
1 2

Example: sorting numbered cards

45
1 2 3

18
4

12
5

22
6

17
1

23
2

Example: sorting numbered cards

18
1 2 3 4

12
5

22
6

17
1

23
2

45
3 4
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

18
1 2 3 4

12
5

22
6

17
1

23
2

45
3 4
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

12
1 2 3 4 5

22
6

17
1

18
2

23
3

45
4
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

12
1 2 3 4 5

22
6

17
1

18
2

23
3

45
4
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

22
1 2 3 4 5 6

12
1

17
2

18
3

23
4

45
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

22
1 2 3 4 5 6

12
1

17
2

18
3

23
4

45
5 6

Example: sorting numbered cards

12
1

17
2

18
3

22
4

23
5

45
6

Insertion Sort
Sorted-List[] := Insertion-Sort (USL[], N);
{ USL[1:N] is the unsorted list of integers */ int array Temp-SL[1:N]; int I, J, K; Temp-SL[1] := USL[1]; for (I = 2 to N) do {/* insert element USL[I] into Temp-SL[] */
In the worst-case, the number of iterations is (N-1)!

Temp-SL [] := Insert-element (USL[I], Temp-SL[], I); } return (Temp-SL[]); }

Insertion Sort (Contd.)


Temp-SL[] := Insert-element (element, Temp-SL[], I);
{/* insert element into the right position in Temp-SL[] */ boolean did-insert := false; int J := I 1; while ((!did-insert) && (J != 0)) do { if (element > Temp-Sl[J] then { Temp-SL[J + 1] := element; did-insert := true; } else Temp-SL [J + 1] := Temp-SL [J]; J := J 1; } if (!did-insert) then Temp-SL [1] := element; return (Temp-SL[]); }

In the worst-case, the number of comparisons is N/2!

In the best-case, the number of comparisons is 1!

Complexity of Insertion Sort Algorithm


In the worst-case, this algorithm performs (N 1) iterations and on an average (N/2) comparisons in each iteration; that is, (N 1) * (N/2). Worst-case Complexity is O (n2). In the Best-case, when the given list is already sorted, this algorithm makes N comparisons; i.e. complexity is O (n).

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