Adjectives Verbs Nouns Preposition Adverbs Pronouns

Adjectives
ADJECTIVES 1. An Adjective qualifies a noun or a pronoun. 2. Adjectives are divided into six different kinds : ---

a. Proper Adjectives b. Descriptive Adjectives c. Quantitative Adjectives d. Numeral Adjectives e. Demonstrative Adjectives f. Distributive Adjectives

Proper adjective
Adjectives Proper Adjectives are derived from proper nouns. eg : a. Chinese soldiers fought bravely. b.We are studying the English language.

In ( a ) the word " Chinese " is a proper adjective because it is derived from the proper noun " China " In ( b ) the word " English " is a proper adjective because it is derived from the proper noun " England ". Note -- Every proper adjective should begin with a capital letter.

 Adjectives Descriptive Adjectives qualify a noun by adding some quality or state to it. eg : a. A brave soldier killed the enemy. ( quality ) b. There are some sick soldiers in the hospital ( state )

Quantitative adjective
Adjectives Quantitative Adjectives indicate how much of a thing is meant. He has much rice. He has little rice. He has no rice. He has some rice. He has not any rice. He has enough rice. He has sufficient rice. He sold all the rice.

Numeral adjective
Adjectives Numeral Adjectives express number. Numeral Adjectives are subdivided into (a) Definite and (b) Indefinite a) Definite Numeral Adjectives denote some exact number. Those which show how many things there are are called Cardinals; Those which show in what order things stand are called Ordinals. Cardinals : one, two three, etc. Ordinals : first, second, third, etc. b) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives do not denote any exact number. Examples : -All men are mortal. Some men died young No men were present. Many men are poor. Few men are rich. More men came today than yesterday. Most men must work for their living. Several men came. Sunday men went away.

Demonstrative adjective
Demonstrative Adjectives show which thing is meant. This house is mine. That house is your. These adjective sare also subdivided into Definite and Indefinite. a) Definite demonstrative Adjectives point out some particular objects. He is in the house. This book is mine. That pen is yours. These books are mine. Those pens are yours. I cannot do such a thing as that. This is the same story as I heard the other day. b) Indefinite Demonstrative Adjectives do not point out any particular object. He has an horse. He has not any brother. He saw me one day in the theater. A certain man came here. Some man came here. Give me any other box. I have another box. Other men would not do so.

Distributive adjective
Adjectives Distributive Adjectives point out that the objects named are to be taken separately. There are only four distributive adjectives. Examples : - I will give a book to each scholar in this class. Every person in the room was astonished. You may have either book. You may have neither book.

VERB
Verbs 1. A Verb says something about a person or thing. 2. Verbs are divided into three different kinds a. Transitive Verbs b. Intransitive Verbs c. Auxiliary Verbs

Transitive verb
Verb A Transitive Verb requires an object to complete its meaning. Examples : -a. The hunter killed a bear. b. The scholar learned his lesson. In ( a ) " bear " is the object of " killed ". In ( b ) " lesson " is the object of " learned ". Transitive Verb has two voice : -a The Active voice b. The Passive voice Note : - An Intransitive verb from its nature cannot have voices.

Intransitive verb
Verb An Intransitive Verb does not require an object to complete its meaning. Examples : - ( a ) He sleeps ( b ) We go. No object can come after such verbs as " sleep ", " go " etc

Auxiliary verb
Verb An Auxiliary Verb is used to help an other verb. ( a ) I shall go. ( b ) We have come. Note : A verb that is helped by an auxiliary verb is called a Principal verb

In a " shall " is an auxilizry verb used to help the verb " go " to form a future time. In b. " have " is an auxiliary verb used to help the verb " come " to express a time partly past and partly present.

Nouns 1. A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. 2. Nouns are divided into five different kinds : -Proper Nouns Common Nouns Collective nouns Material Nouns Abstract Nouns A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. eg : John ( person ) ; Palm Beach County ( place ) ; The Chinese ( people ); Books ( thing ) A Common Noun is a name that can be given to any person or thing of the same kind. eg : Man, boy, table, dog A Collective Noun is singular in form though denoting more than one. eg : Herd, army, flock. A Material Noun is the name of a substance eg : Milk, iron, wood. An Abstract noun is the name of a quality. eg : Love, truth, color.

Preposition A Preposition is placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relationbetween this noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Examples : -Put his book on the table. Give this book to him. Note - The noun or prooun placed after the preposition is called its Object In the above sentences, the noun " table " is the object of the preposition " on " ; and the pronoun " him " is the object of the preposition " to ". The following list contains some other examples of the preposition : -( a ) A lamp is hung above my head. ( b ) He sailed across the sea. ( c ) He returned after many days ( d ) He is not at home just now. ( e ) He stands before the door ( f ) The dog ran behind its master. ( g ) He stood below me in the class ( h ) I sat beside him. ( i ) There is nothing in the room besides a table. ( j ) You must be back by four o'clock. ( k ) He does this sum for his calssmate. ( l ) He came from school. ( m ) Go into the garden. ( n ) He sent me a box of books ( p ) He sat under the tree. ( q ) He killed the bird with a stone.

Adverb
Adverb 1. An Adverb qualifies any part of speech except a noun or pronoun, but it usually qualifies a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. Examples : - ( a ) He runs fast ( b ) He runs very fast ( c ) He is quite happy. In ( a ) the adverb " fast " qualifies the verb " run " ; in ( b ) the adverb " very " qualifies the adverb " fast " ; and in ( c ) the adverb " quite " qualifies the adjective " happy ".

Pronouns
Pronouns The kinds of Pronouns 1. Pronouns is a word used instead of a noun. 2. Pronouns are divided into :-a) Personal Pronouns b) Interrogative Pronouns c) Relative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns
Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns 1. Interrogative Pronouns ask questions. 2. The interrogative pronouns are : -- who, whose, whom which and what. a) Who, whose, and whom refer to person. Examples : Who said so ? Whose book is this ? Whom do you love ? b) Which refers to persons or things Examples :Which of these boys will win the prize ? Which of these books do you like best ? c) What refers to lower animals and things. Examples :Q : What have you seen in the mountain? A : I have seen a tiger. Q : What did he buy ? A : He bought a house. Note -- All interrogative pronouns have the same form for the plural as for the singular

Pronouns Relative Pronouns

Pronouns Relative Pronouns A Relative Pronouns represents a preceding word. This preceding word is called the Antecedent. eg : The man who is in the garden is my uncle. In this sentence, the word " who " is a relative pronoun, because it represents the preceding word " man ". Therefore, " man " is the Antecedent of " who ". The relative Pronouns are : -- who , whose, whom , which that, and what. Who and whom refer persons. The man who came is a doctor. The man whom you love is kind. Whose refers both to persons and things. The lady whose box is lost is her daughter. The book whose cover is red is mine. Which refers to lower animals and thing. That is often used for " who, " " whom " or " which " but never for ' whose. " The boy that ( or who ) won the prize is clever. The man that ( or whom ) you saw is my brother. This is the house that ( or which ) Chang bought. What is equal to " that which " or " the thing which " . It contains the meaning of both the relative pronoun and its antecedent. I do not know what ( that which ) he bought. I do not know what ( the thing which ) he bought. Note : - All relative pronouns have the singular and plural alike.

Personal pronouns
Pronouns Personal Pronouns The Personal Pronouns are used to distinguish the three persons. a. The First Person denotes the person speaking . I we me us myself ourselves The second Person denoted the person spoken to you you yourself yourselves The third Person denotes the person or thing spoken of he she it they him her it them himself herself itself themselves