Introduction

What is an Operating System?

Mainframe Systems Desktop Systems Multiprocessor Systems

Distributed Systems
Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems

Computing Environments

1.1

What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

1.2

Computer System Components

1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,

memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs). 4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

1.3

Operating Systems Views

Fundamental goal of computer system is to execute user

programs & make problem solving easier. maybe goal should be extended for modern systems: communication, access remote data, In general, no completely adequate definition of OS a dynamic evolving entity
Three basic components of an OS

- Process control/management - Memory management - I/O and files system control

System/administrator vs. user view sometimes in conflict

-efficiency vs. ease of use

1.4

Abstract View of System Components

1.5

Operating System Definitions

Resource allocator manages and allocates resources

deals (hopefully!) with deadlock. Control program controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices . Kernel the one program running at all times (all else being application programs).

1.6

Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

1.7

Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.

1.8

OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

I/O services provided by the system.
I/O done in kernel mode via device drivers May run concurrently with application - if application

must wait for I/O, then OS will allow another job to run maximize CPU and I/O utilization - lots on this later. Memory management the system must allocate the

memory to several jobs. CPU scheduling and dispatching the system must choose among several jobs ready to run - must minimize context switching time - a performance bottleneck. Allocation of devices - to resident jobs - danger of deadlock.

1.9

Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive Computing

The CPU is time multiplexed among several jobs that are kept

in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
A job could now be a user ==> many users on a single

machine

A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk - to free up

memory for a higher priority job, or if it has a long wait for I/O to complete - more on this later. Comment: A program in some state of execution (having been already loaded in memory, but not completed) is known as a process. On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next control statement from the users keyboard. On-line system must be available for users to access data and code - presents an interactive user interface - not just batch.
1.10

Desktop Systems
Personal computers computer system dedicated to a

single user. I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. User convenience and responsiveness. Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features. May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux) Forerunner of the RISC Workstation: ex: SUN or IBM RISC/6000 work stations - the PC would revolutionize computing - some companies (guess who!) were blind to this - others (SUN) had the foresight to recognize this.
1.11

Parallel (Tightly Coupled ) Systems

Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close

communication. Tightly coupled system processors share memory and a clock; communication usually takes place through the shared memory via a bus - . Advantages of parallel (Tightly Coupled ) systems:
Increased throughput Increased computing power (speed-up factor) Economical

Increased reliability
graceful degradation fail-soft systems

OS functions for multiprocessor systems are

significantly more complex

1.12

Parallel (Tightly Coupled ) Systems

(Cont.)
Shared memory tightly coupled schemes: SMP and

Asymmetric
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) The common kernel in shared memory could operate on any processor process/thread parallism on kernel execution possible processors are peers no master/slave. Many processes can run at once without performance deterioration true parallelism vs pseudo parallelism of a multitasking system on a uniprocessor. Most modern operating systems support SMP Asymmetric multiprocessing Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor schedules and allocated work to slave processors. More common in extremely large systems -------------------------------Problem with parallelism: how do you distribute a problem across multiple processes to capture the max potential of the system? Can all algorithms be parallelized? Are there theoretical limits to parallelizing? - see also loosely coupled. Example logic simulators - a natural for parallelism.
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Flynns Classification
SISD Single Instruction, Single data stream Basic Uniprocessor single program counter SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple data stream A logically single stream of instructions operating on different units of data in parallel ex. A vector processor Example of an implementation: a single stream of SIMD instructions from a single program counter in a special SISD host processor are broadcasted to many parallel SIMD processors each with its own registers and cache memory. Each of the SIMD processors now executes the same instruction on a different unit of data in parallel lock step synchronism. Example: the CM-2 Super Computer with 65,563 processors, each having a 1 bit ALU (32 way bit slicing?) MISD - Multiple Instruction, Single data stream sequence of different data

broadcasted to different parallel processors, each executing a different instruction sequence.

Not ever implemented.

MIMD - Multiple Instruction, Multiple data stream many parallel processors

executing different instruction streams on different data items.

Commonly implemented with loosely couples clusters of general purpose

computers on a network (see later) and also tightly coupled SMP.

1.14

Parallel (Tightly Coupled ) Systems

(Cont.)

From Stallings, Operating Systems, 4th ed.

1.15

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

1.16

Distributed Systems
(Loosely Coupled)
Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

Loosely coupled system (clusters?) each processor has its own

local memory; processors communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as high-speed buses , crossbar switches, LANS, or telephone lines.
Could be a heterogeneous mixture of independent computers

having different characteristics etc. all connected on by some network fabric.

Advantages of distributed systems. Resources Sharing Computation speed up load sharing Reliability Communications Disadvantages: control and OS functions complicated, and

distributing an algorithm over the nodes is difficult.

1.17

Distributed Systems (cont)

Requires networking infrastructure. Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN) May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems. Clients generate requests to be satisfied by the server server performs computation with results sent to client Peer-to-peer example: Internet or a master and many slaves on a network or switch.

1.18

General Structure of Client-Server

1.19

Clustered Systems
Alternative to SMP Goal is high reliability,availability, and performance. A group of interconnected, whole computers

working together as a unified computing resource that can create the illusion of being a single machine. Clustering allows two or more systems to share (secondary?) storage example RAID disks. Asymmetric clustering: multiple servers runs the application while one server stands by - monitor. Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the application mutual monitoring - no single monitor

Reference: Stallings, 4th ed., section 13.4

1.20

Real Time System

A system is said to be Real Time if it is required to

complete its work & deliver its services on time. Example Flight Control System

All tasks in that system must execute

on time.

1.21

Hard and Soft Real Time Systems

Hard Real Time System Failure to meet deadlines is fatal example : Flight Control System medical imaging systems, industrial control systems Soft Real Time System Late completion of jobs is undesirable but not fatal. System performance degrades as more & more jobs miss deadlines Online Databases
1.22

Real-Time Systems
Often used as a control device in a dedicated application

such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Well-defined fixed-time constraints. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.

1.23

Real-Time Systems (Cont.)

Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) Conflicts with time-sharing systems, (delays unpredictable), thus not supported by general-purpose operating systems. Uses deadline scheduling of tasks #1 thing you don't want to happen: system shows the hour glass icon at 1000 meters over the moon when landing!
Soft real-time Limited utility in industrial control of robotics Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features. Cannot guarantee deadlines, but can guarantee highest priority for Soft RT tasks over ordinary tasks.
1.24

Handheld Systems

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Cellular telephones Issues: Limited memory Slow processors Small display screens.

1.25

Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

What does this mean?

1.26

Computing Environments
Traditional computing

Advancing technologies and falling prices rapidly re changing what used to be traditional computing. Not only are enterprise level functions being pushed down to the PC level, but new functions are being directly implemented in the PC/micro-computers
Web-Based Computing

Applications reside on Web servers, rather than on endusers' workstations. These workstations, or appliances are connected to secure servers in order to use applications via web browsers.
Embedded Computing

Most prevalent form of computers in existence: In automobiles, VCRs, microwave ovens, They do specific tasks, and associated systems are primitive.

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