Dispersion is the phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in an optical fiber. The two main types of dispersion are chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Chromatic dispersion occurs because the refractive index of the fiber depends on wavelength, resulting in slower speeds for some wavelengths. Polarization mode dispersion arises from imperfections in the fiber that cause the two polarization modes to travel at slightly different speeds. Dispersion compensation modules use dispersion compensating fiber or fiber Bragg gratings to introduce negative dispersion to offset the positive dispersion from standard single mode fiber. This prevents pulse broadening and maintains signal quality over long transmission distances.
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Dispersion is the phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in an optical fiber. The two main types of dispersion are chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Chromatic dispersion occurs because the refractive index of the fiber depends on wavelength, resulting in slower speeds for some wavelengths. Polarization mode dispersion arises from imperfections in the fiber that cause the two polarization modes to travel at slightly different speeds. Dispersion compensation modules use dispersion compensating fiber or fiber Bragg gratings to introduce negative dispersion to offset the positive dispersion from standard single mode fiber. This prevents pulse broadening and maintains signal quality over long transmission distances.
Dispersion is the phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in an optical fiber. The two main types of dispersion are chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Chromatic dispersion occurs because the refractive index of the fiber depends on wavelength, resulting in slower speeds for some wavelengths. Polarization mode dispersion arises from imperfections in the fiber that cause the two polarization modes to travel at slightly different speeds. Dispersion compensation modules use dispersion compensating fiber or fiber Bragg gratings to introduce negative dispersion to offset the positive dispersion from standard single mode fiber. This prevents pulse broadening and maintains signal quality over long transmission distances.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Dispersion is the phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in an optical fiber. The two main types of dispersion are chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Chromatic dispersion occurs because the refractive index of the fiber depends on wavelength, resulting in slower speeds for some wavelengths. Polarization mode dispersion arises from imperfections in the fiber that cause the two polarization modes to travel at slightly different speeds. Dispersion compensation modules use dispersion compensating fiber or fiber Bragg gratings to introduce negative dispersion to offset the positive dispersion from standard single mode fiber. This prevents pulse broadening and maintains signal quality over long transmission distances.
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WHAT IS Dispersion
Dispersion is a phenomenon related to the variation in velocity of different frequencies (wavelengths) or different modes. The velocity of different frequencies can be different due to intrinsic properties of the medium or due to dispersive nature of the bound structure like the optical fiber. Dispersion is measured in ps/km.
CAUSES OF DISPERSION ITS DEPENDANCE OF THE PHASE VELOCITY IN A MEDIUM ON THE OPTICAL FREQUENCY OR THE PROPAGATION MODE. IT CAN BE.
CHROMATIC DISPERSION (CD)
POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION (PMD)
CHROMATIC DISPERSION
CD IS THE PHENOMENON OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS INSIDE AN OPTICAL SIGNAL TRAVELLING AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES ALONG A FIBER AND ARRIVING AT RECIEVER
DIFFERENT TIME IN THE RECEIVER.
CD EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
EFFECTS DECREASE OF PEAK POWER PULSE BROADENING BIT ERRORS
SOLUTIONS USE OF DCM (DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE) USE OF DCF (DISPERSION COMPENSATION FIBER) WHICH HAS NEGATIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT,IT CAN COUNTERACT POSITIVE DISPERSION IN TRANSMISSION.
CD COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS FIBER TYPES
POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION (PMD)
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POLARIZATION MODES (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL) OF A SIGNAL STATISTICALLY TRAVELLING AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES DUE TO FIBER IMPERFACTIONS.
PMD EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
EFFECTS DECREASE OF PEAK POWER PULSE BROADENING BIT ERRORS
SOLUTIONS CAREFUL FIBER LAYING ( NO STRESS ) USE OF NEW FIBERS WITH LOW PMD VALUES EXACT FIBER GEOMETRY
Consequences of Dispersion Due to dispersion when the optical pulses travel along the fiber they broaden as shown in Fig. Due to broadening, slowly they start overlapping with each other. Consequently, the AC content of the signal reduces and the DC content of the signal increases. After certain distance the pulses barely remain distinguishable. If the signal propagates further the pulses lose their identity and the data is lost.
Consequences of Dispersion
Dispersation VS Wavelength
WHERE Dmat is Material Dspersation Dwg is Waveguide Dispersation
What is Dispersion Compensation
The control of the overall chromatic
dispersion of a system by adding optical elements with a suitable amount of dispersion is called Dispersion Compensation. The module used for Dispersion Compensation is called DCM
PRINCIPLE OF DCM It uses dispersion-compensating fiber, which has negative chromatic dispersion several times larger than the positive chromatic dispersion of single-mode transmission fiber. Adding a length of dispersion compensating fiber offsets the transmission fiber's dispersion, giving low overall dispersion.
DISPERSION COMPENSATION
Types OF DCM DCM's are usually one of two types.
DCF or Dispersion Compensating Fiber
This is simply a spool of a special type of fiber that has very large negative dispersion. Typically DCF dispersion can be in the range of -80 ps/(nmkm), so a 20 km length of DCF can compensate for the dispersion in a 100 km length of NDSF. FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) type Here, a series of FBG's or one very long FBG is written into a tens of meter length of fiber to perform the dispersion compensation. Both of these types of DCM's have relatively high insertion loss. A 60 km compensator may exhibit 6 dB of loss or more. Because of this, DCM's are usually co-located with EDFA's.
DCF Vs FBG Technology
Advantage 1) Simple construction, highly reliable. 2) Provides continuous compensation over a wide range of optical wavelengths (i.e. Does not require precise laser wavelengths.)
Disadvantage 1) Usually DCF has a small core size which may make it prone to certain types of nonlinearities
DCF
FBG
1) Potentially lower insertion loss.
1) Less prone to nonlinear effects
DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE(DCM)
DCM IN
DCM OUT
DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE(DCM)
Types Of Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM)
Type DCM-A DCM-B DCM-C DCM-D
Band
Application for Distance
20Km 40Km 60Km 80Km
C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber
A DWDM LINK WITH APPROPRIATE DISPERSION COMPENSATION
