1

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Lecture No. 2
Maxwell Equations
and Special Relativity in Accelerators
David Robin
2
Need to know how particles will move in the
presence of electric and magnetic fields. Present
a basic review of classical physics*
Equations of Motion
Calculations of the Fields
Special Relativity
Give a couple examples

* Will ignore quantum mechanical effects for now
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Motivation
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
3
Feynman Lectures by R. Feynman, R.
Leighton, and M Sands
Introduction to Electrodynamics by D.
Griffith
Spacetime Physics by E. Taylor and J.
Archibald
Particle Accelerator Physics, Basic
Principles and Linear Beam Dynamics by
H. Wiedemann
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
References
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
4
a m F

=
Newtons Laws of Motion
( ) B v E q F

+ =
Lorentz Force Equation Force on a charged
particle traveling with velocity, v, in the presence
of an electric, E, or magnetic, B, field
To determine the particle motion one needs to
know the electric and magnetic fields
Maxwells Equations
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Equations of Motion
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
5
( ) da A d A = V
} }
t
I. Divergence Theorem
II. Curl Theorem

( ) dI A da A = V
} }
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Fundamental Theorems
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
6
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Vectorial Algebra
Changing the
Particle Energy
F. Sannibale
Curl Theorem (Stokes Theorem)
Divergence Theorem
Volume Integral
Surface Integral (Flux)
Line Integral (Circuitation)
} }
V =
V S
dV F dS n F
( )
} }
V =
S l
dS n F l d F
( ) F F = V V 0
( ) u u = V V 0
u F F V = = V 0
or
(F is conservative if curl F is zero)
( ) ( ) F F F F V V V = V V
2
7
o
E
c

= V
I. Gauss Law
(Flux of E through a closed surface) = (Charge inside/c
0
)

0 = V B
II. (No Name)
(Flux of B through a closed surface) = 0

2 2 12
Nm / C 10 85 . 8

=
o
c
permittivity of free space

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Maxwells Equations
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
8
t
B
E
c
c
= V
III. Faradays Law
(Line Integral of E around a loop) =
-d/dt(Flux of B through the loop)

0 0 0
E
B j
t
c
c
V = +
c
IV. (Amperes Law modified by Maxwell)
(Integral of B around a loop) = (Current through the loop)/c
0
+d/dt(Flux of E through the loop)
7 2
4 10 / A
o
N t

=
permeability of free space

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Maxwells Equations
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
9
2
2
0 0
2
E
E
t
c
c
V =
c
In free space combining Gauss Law and Faradays Law

2
2
0 0
2
B
B
t
c
c
V =
c
In free space combining Amperes Law and the last Maxwell Equations

2
2
2 2
1
where is the velocity of the wave
f
f v
v t
c
V =
c
Equation of a wave in three dimensions is

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Maxwells Equations and Light
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
10
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
From Maxwell Equations
to Wave Equation
Changing the
Particle Energy
F. Sannibale
11
2
2
2 2
1
where is the velocity of the wave
f
f v
v t
c
V =
c
Equation of a wave in three dimensions is

8
0 0
1
3.00 10 / v m s
c
= =
Maxwells equations imply that empty space supports the propagation of
electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light


Perhaps Light is an electromagnetic wave

We can scarcely avoid the inference that light consists in the transverse
undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic
phenomena - Maxwell

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Maxwells Equations and Light
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
12
0
0 0 0
1
0
E dS dV
B dS
dB
E dl dS
dt
dE
B dl j dS dS
dt

c
c
=
=
=
= +
} }
}
} }
} } }
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
13
1.The principle of relativity. The laws of
physics apply in all inertial reference systems.



2. The universal Speed of light. The speed of
light in vacuum is the same for all inertial
observers, regardless of the motion of the
source.
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Special Relativity
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
14
c
v
c
v
=

=
|

2
2
1
1
where v is the velocity of the particle and
c is the velocity of light
v m p = : momentum particle where m is the rest mass of
the particle
( ) B v E q
dt
dp
F

+ = =
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Lorentz Factor,
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
15
Rest Energy, E
o
: E
o
= mc
2

Total Energy, E : E = mc
2

Momentum, p : p = mv

2
2 2 2
0
p
c E E
= +
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Energy and Momentum
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
16
Two particles have equal rest mass m
0
.
Laboratory Frame (LF): one particle at rest, total energy is E.
Centre of Mass Frame (CMF): Velocities are equal and
opposite, total energy is E
cm
.
The quantity is invariant.
In the CMF, we have
In general
In the LF, we have and
And finally
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Lorentz Particle collisions
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
17
Two inertial frames moving with respect to each other with
velocity,v

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
=
c
xv
t t
z z
y y
vt x x
2
'
'
'
'

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Lorentz Transformation
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
18
Two celebrated consequences of the transformation are
Time dilation and Lorentz contraction

Time dilation. A clock in the primed frame located at x = vt will
show a time dilation, t = 1/

Lorentz contraction. An object in the primed frame with
length L along the x axis and is at rest in the primed frame will
be of length L = L/ in the unprimed frame

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Time Dilation and Lorentz Contraction
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
19
( )
( )
B E E
B E E
E E
y z z
z y y
x x
v
v
+ =
=
=

'
'
'
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
E B B
E B B
B B
y z z
z y y
x x
c
v
c
v
2
'
2
'
'

Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Lorentz Transformation of
Electric and Magnetic Fields
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
20
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
Thanks
Historical Overview,
Examples & Applications
D. Robin
Wish to thank Y. Papaphilippou and N.Catalan-Lasheras
for sharing the tranparencies that they used in the
USPAS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 20th June 1st
July 2005

21
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
L2 Possible Homework
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
Problem 1.
Protons are accelerated to a kinetic energy of 200 MeV at the end of the Fermilab
Alvarez linear accelerator. Calculate their total energy, their momentum and their
velocity in units of the velocity of light.
Problem 2.
A charge pion has a rest energy of 139.568 MeV and a mean life time of t = 26.029
nsec in its rest frame. What are the pion life times, if accelerated to a kinetic
energy of 20 MeV? And 100 MeV? A pion beam decays exponentially like e
-t/t
. At
what distance from the source will the pion beam intensity have fallen to 50%, if
the kinetic energy is 20 MeV? Or 100 MeV?
Problem 3.
A positron beam accelerated to 50 GeV in the linac hits a fixed hydrogen target.
What is the available energy from a collision with a target electron assumed to be
at rest? Compare this available energy with that obtained in a linear collider where
electrons and positrons from two similar linacs collide head on at the same
energy.
Rest energy of an electron = 0.511 MeV
Rest energy of a proton = 936 MeV
22
Fundamental Accelerator Theory, Simulations and Measurement Lab Arizona State University, Phoenix January 16-27, 2006
L2 Possible Homework
Maxwell Equations
& Special Relativity
D. Robin
Show that a function satisfying f(x,t)=f(x-vt) automatically
satisfies the wave equation.
A muon has a rest mass of 105.7MeV and a lifetime at rest of
2.2e-6 s.
Consider a muon traveling at 0.9c with respect to the lab
frame. What is its lifetime? How far does the muon travel?
How does this compare to the distance it would travel if
there were no time dilation?
Consider a muon accelerated to 1GeV.
What is its velocity? How long does it live?
For a non-relativistic charge moving in the z direction,
calculate the general particle trajectory when subjected to a
field B
x
=B
z
=0, and B
y
=sin(2tz/) for 0<z<z
0
, and B
y
=0
elsewhere.