Exponential

and
Logarithmic
Functions

By: Jeffrey Bivin
Lake Zurich High School

[email protected]
Last Updated: January 30, 2008
With your Graphing Calculator
graph each of the following
y = 2
x
y = 3
x
y = 5
x
y = 1
x
Determine what is happening when the
base is changing in each of these graphs.
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x y = 2
x
y = 3
x
-2 1/4 1/9
-1 1/3
0 1 1
1 2 3
2 4 9
3 8 27
y = 3
x
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x y = 5
x
y = 1
x
-2 1/25 1
-1 1/5 1
0 1 1
1 5 1
2 25 1
3 125 1
y = 3
x
y = 5
x
y = 1
x
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y = 3
x
y = 5
x
y = 1
x
Determine
where each of
the following
would lie?
y=10
x

y=4
x
y = (3/2)
x


y = 10
x
y = 4
x
y = (3/2)
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
f(x) = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
f(x) = 2
x-3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
f(x) = 2
x+2
-
3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
f(x) = -(2)
x-4
2
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Compound Interest
( )
nt
n
r
P A + = 1
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?
A = Final amount = unknown
P = Principal = $5000
r = rate of interest = .045
n = number of times compounded per year = 4
t = number of years compounded = 10
Compound Interest
( )
nt
n
r
P A + = 1
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?
A = unknown
P = $5000
r = .045
n = 4
( )
10 4
4
045 . 0
1 5000

+ = A
t = 10
88 . 7821 $ = A
Compound Interest
( )
nt
n
r
P A + = 1
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?
A = unknown
P = $5000
r = .045
n = 4
( )
10 52
52
045 . 0
1 5000

+ = A
t = 10
04 . 7840 $ = A
weekly?
52
With your Graphing Calculator
graph each of the following
y = 1
x
y = (1/2)
x
y = (1/3)
x
Determine what is happening when the
base is changing in each of these graphs.
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x
y = ()
x
y = (1/3)
x
-2 4 9
-1 2 3
0 1 1
1 1/3
2 1/9
3 1/8 1/27
y = 3
x
y = 5
x
y = 1
x
y = (1/3)
x
y = ()
x
f(x) = 2
-x
= (1/2)
x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
f(x) = ()
x-3
- 2 = (2)
-x+3
- 2
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
A new Number
+ + + + + + =
! 5
1
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
! 1
1
! 0
1
e
We could use a spreadsheet to determine an approximation.
+ + + + + + =
120
1
24
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
e

=
0
!
1
n
e
A new Number
718 . 2
0
!
1
~ =

n
e
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x y = 2
x
y = 3
x
-2 1/9
-1 1/3
0 1 1
1 2 3
2 4 9
3 8 27
y = 3
x
y = e
x
Graph y = e
x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y = e
x
y = e
x+2
Graph:
y = e
x+2

x + 2 = 0
x = -2
Compound Interest-continuously
rt
Pe A =
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after 10
years if the interest is compounded continuously?
A = Final amount = unknown
P = Principal = $5000
r = rate of interest = .045
t = number of years compounded = 10
Compound Interest-continuously
rt
Pe A =
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after 10
years if the interest is compounded continuously?
A = unknown
P = $5000
r = .045
t = 10
10 045 . 0
5000

= e A
56 . 7841 $ = A
Bacteria Growth
kt
ne y =
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of
growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How
many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?
y = Final amount = unknown
n = initial amount = 150
k = constant of growth = 1.567
t = time = 7
Bacteria Growth
kt
ne y =
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of
growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How
many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?
y = unknown
n = 150
k = 1.567
t = 7
7 567 . 3
150
-
= e y
678 . 977 , 706 , 8 = y
bacteria 678 . 977 , 706 , 8
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x y
-2 1/4
-1
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
x y
1/4 -2
-1
1 0
2 1
4 2
8 3
x = 2
y
How do we
solve this
exponential
equation
for the variable y?
y = 2
x
x = 2
y
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
LOGARITHMS
exponential logarithmic
b > 0
A > 0
A b
m
= m A
b
= ) ( log
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
2 ) 9 ( log
3
=
9 3
2
=
exponential logarithmic
3 ) 125 ( log
5
=
125 5
3
=
( ) 3 log
8
1
2
=
8
1
3
2 =

5 ) 32 ( log
2
1
= ( ) 32
5
2
1
=

A b
m
= m A
b
= ) ( log
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y
x 2 =
y x = ) ( log
2
u = ) 25 ( log
5
Evaluate
25 5 =
u
2
5 5 =
u
2 = u
2 ) 25 ( log
5
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
u = ) 81 ( log
3
Evaluate
81 3 =
u
4
3 3 =
u
4 = u
4 ) 81 ( log
3
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) u =
32
1
2
log
Evaluate
32
1
2 =
u
5
2
1
2 =
u
5 = u
( ) 5 log
32
1
2
=
5
2 2

=
u
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
u = ) 7 ( log
7
Evaluate
7 7 =
u
1
7 7 =
u
1 = u
1 ) 7 ( log
7
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
u = ) 1 ( log
8
Evaluate
1 8 =
u
0
8 8 =
u
0 = u
0 ) 1 ( log
8
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
u n
n
= ) ( log
5
Evaluate
5
n n
u
=
5 = u
5 ) ( log
5
= n
n
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
y = 2
x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x y
-2 1/4
-1
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
x y
1/4 -2
-1
1 0
2 1
4 2
8 3
x = 2
y
y=log
2
x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x
y = log
2
x

1/4 -2
-1
1 0
2 1
4 2
8 3
y = log
2
x

y = log
3
x

y = log
5
x

x = 2
y
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x
y = log

x

1/4 2
1
1 0
2 -1
4 -2
8 -3
y = log

x

x = ()
y
Solve for x
log
2
(x+5) = 4
2
4
= x + 5
16

= x + 5
11

= x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
log
x
(32) = 5
x
5
= 32
x
5
= 2
5

x = 2
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Evaluate
log
3
(25) = u
3
u
= 25
3
u
= 5
2

??????
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Change of Base Formula
a
x
x
a
10
10
log
log
log =
a
x
x
b
b
a
log
log
log =
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Evaluate
log
3
(25)
= 2.930
3 log
25 log
10
10
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Evaluate
log
5
(568)
= 3.941
5 log
568 log
10
10
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Properties of Logarithms
Product Property
Quotient Property
Power Property
Property of Equality
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Product Property
n m n m
a a a
+
=
) ( log ) ( log ) ( log n m n m
b b b
+ =
multiplication addition
multiplication addition
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Product Property
) 4 ( log ) 16 ( log ) 4 16 ( log
2 2 2
+ =
) 2 ( log ) 2 ( log ) 2 2 ( log
2
2
4
2
2 4
2
+ =
2 4 ) 2 ( log
6
2
+ =
6 6 =
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Quotient Property
n m
n
m
a
a
a

=
) ( log ) ( log ) ( log n m
b b
n
m
b
=
division subtraction
division subtraction
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Quotient Property
( ) ) 4 ( log ) 32 ( log log
2 2
4
32
2
=
( ) ) 2 ( log ) 2 ( log 8 log
2
2
5
2 2
=
2 5 ) 2 ( log
3
2
=
3 3 =
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Power Property
( )
n m
n
m
a a

=
log
b
(m
p
)
log
b
(m
p
) = plog
b
(m)
p
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Power Property
( ) ) 2 ( log 7 2 log
2
7
2
=
1 7 7 =
7 7 =
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Property of Equality
C A then =
) ( log ) ( log C A if
b b
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
) ( log
2 3
5
y x
Expand
) ( log ) ( log
2
5
3
5
y x +
) ( log 2 ) ( log 3
5 5
y x +
product property
power property
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Expand
) ( log ) ( log
4
5
3 5
5
z y x
) ( log ) ( log ) ( log
4
5
3
5
5
5
z y x +
quotient property
product property
) ( log 4 ) ( log 3 ) ( log 5
5 5 5
z y x +
power property
( )
4
3 5
5
log
z
y x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) ) ( log ) ( log ) ( log
5
5
2
5
7
5
z y x +
) ( log ) ( log
5 2
5
7
5
z y x
Expand
quotient property
product property
) ( log 5 ) ( log 2 ) ( log 7
5 5 5
z y x
power property
( )
5 2
7
5
log
z y
x
) ( log ) ( log ) ( log
5
5
2
5
7
5
z y x
distributive property
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
z y x
3 3 3
log 2 log 6 log 5 +
Condense
power property
product property
2
3
6
3
5
3
log log log z y x +
( )
2
3
6 5
3
log log z y x
( )
2
6 5
3
log
z
y x
quotient property
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
4
10
2
10 10
log log log
2
1
z y x
z y x
10 10 10
2
1
log 4 log 2 log
Condense
group / factor
product property
( )
4
10
2
10 10
log log log
2
1
z y x +
( )
4 2
10 10
log log
2
1
z y x
|
.
|

\
|
4 2
2
1
10
log
z y
x
quotient property
Power property
( )
4 2
10
log
z y
x
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
4 5 2 3
log log log log w z y x
e e e e
+
( ) ( )
4 2 5 3
log log log log w y z x
e e e e
+ +
w z y x
e e e e
log 4 log 5 log 2 log 3 +
Condense
re-organize
group
4 2 5 3
log log log log w y z x
e e e e
+
( ) ( )
4 2 5 3
log log w y z x
e e

( )
4 2
5 3
log
w y
z x
e
product property
Power property
quotient property
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

Solve for x
3 9 3 + = x x
12 2 = x
6 = x
( ) ( ) 3 log 9 3 log
3 3
+ = x x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Property of
Equality
( ) ( ) 3 log 9 3 log
3 3
+ = x x
Solve for x
6 = x check
( ) ( ) 3 6 log 9 ) 6 ( 3 log
3 3
+ =
( ) ( ) 3 6 log 9 18 log
3 3
+ =
( ) ( ) 9 log 9 log
3 3
=
checks!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) ( ) 3 log 9 3 log
3 3
+ = x x
Solve for x
3 9 3 + = x x
12 2 = x
6 = x
{ } 6
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) ( ) ( ) n n 6 log 2 log 7 log
4 4 4
= +
Solve for n
n n 6 14 7 =
14 = n
( ) ( ) n n 6 log ) 2 ( 7 log
4 4
=
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Condense
left side
Property of
Equality
( ) ( ) ( ) n n 6 log 2 log 7 log
4 4 4
= +
Solve for n
14 = n check
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 14 ( 6 log 2 14 log 7 log
4 4 4
= +
( ) ( ) ( ) 84 log 12 log 7 log
4 4 4
= +
( ) ( ) 84 log ) 12 ( 7 log
4 4
=
( ) ( ) 84 log 84 log
4 4
=
checks!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) ( ) n n 6 log ) 2 ( 7 log
4 4
=
( ) ( ) ( ) n n 6 log 2 log 7 log
4 4 4
= +
Solve for n
n n 6 14 7 =
14 = n
{ } 14
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
( ) ( ) 3 1 log 1 log
2 2
= + + x x
) 1 )( 1 ( 2
3
+ = x x
1 8
2
= x
2
9 x =
x = 3
( ) 3 ) 1 )( 1 ( log
2
= + x x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Condense
left side
Convert to
exponential
form
Solve for x
( ) ( ) 3 1 log 1 log
2 2
= + + x x
3 = x check 3 = x check
( ) ( ) 3 1 3 log 1 3 log
2 2
= + +
( ) ( ) 3 2 log 4 log
2 2
= +
3 1 2 = +
3 3 =
checks!
( ) ( ) 3 1 3 log 1 3 log
2 2
= + +
( ) ( ) 3 4 log 2 log
2 2
= +
fails
The argument
must be positive
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
( ) 3 ) 1 )( 1 ( log
2
= + x x
) 1 )( 1 ( 2
3
+ = x x
1 8
2
= x
2
9 x =
x = 3
{ } 3
( ) ( ) 3 1 log 1 log
2 2
= + + x x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
3 3
2 2
+ + = x x
3 9
2
+ + = x x
6 0
2
+ = x x
) 2 )( 3 ( 0 + = x x
( ) 2 3 log
2
3
= + + x x
2 3 = = x or x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Convert to
exponential
form
( ) 2 3 log
2
3
= + + x x
Solve for x
3 = x check
checks!
( ) 2 3 ) 3 ( ) 3 ( log
2
3
= + +
( ) 2 3 3 9 log
3
= +
( ) 2 9 log
3
=
2 2 =
2 = x check
( ) 2 3 2 ) 2 ( log
2
3
= + +
( ) 2 3 2 4 log
3
= + +
( ) 2 9 log
3
=
2 2 =
checks!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) 2 3 log
2
3
= + + x x
Solve for x
3 3
2 2
+ + = x x
3 9
2
+ + = x x
6 0
2
+ = x x
) 2 )( 3 ( 0 + = x x
2 3 = = x or x
{ } 2 , 3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) 19 log( ) 5 log( ) 7 3 ( = x
) 19 log( ) 5 log( 7 ) 5 log( 3 = x
) 5 log( 7 ) 19 log( ) 5 log( 3 + = x
( )
( ) ) 5 log( 3
) 5 log( 7 ) 19 log( +
= x
943 . 2 = x
( ) ( ) 19 log 5 log
7 3
=
x
) 5 log( 3 ) 5 log( 3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
( ) ( )
2 4
7 log 5 log =
x
Solve for x
) 7 log( ) 2 ( ) 5 log( ) 4 ( = x
( )
( ) ) 5 log( 4
) 7 log( 2
= x
605 . 0 = x
) 5 log( 4 ) 5 log( 4
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) 9 log( ) 5 ( ) 11 log( ) 1 2 ( = + x x
) 9 log( 5 ) 11 log( 1 ) 11 log( 2 x x = +
) 11 log( ) 9 log( 5 ) 11 log( 2 = x x
( ) ) 11 log( ) 9 log( 5 ) 11 log( 2 = x
( ) ) 9 log( 5 ) 11 log( 2
) 11 log(

= x
387 . 0 = x
( ) ( )
x x 5 1 2
9 log 11 log =
+
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) 5 log( ) 1 ( ) 3 log( ) 2 ( + = + x x
) 5 log( 1 ) 5 log( ) 3 log( 2 ) 3 log( + = + x x
) 3 log( 2 ) 5 log( ) 5 log( ) 3 log( = x x
( ) ) 3 log( 2 ) 5 log( ) 5 log( ) 3 log( = x
( )
( ) ) 5 log( ) 3 log(
) 3 log( 2 ) 5 log(

= x
( ) ( )
1 2
5 log 3 log
+ +
=
x x
151 . 1 = x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) 3 log( ) 8 9 ( ) 7 log( ) 2 3 ( = x x
) 3 log( 8 ) 3 log( 9 ) 7 log( 2 ) 7 log( 3 = x x
) 3 log( 8 ) 7 log( 2 ) 3 log( 9 ) 7 log( 3 = x x
( ) ) 3 log( 8 ) 7 log( 2 ) 3 log( 9 ) 7 log( 3 = x
( )
( ) ) 3 log( 9 ) 7 log( 3
) 3 log( 8 ) 7 log( 2

= x
209 . 1 = x
( ) ( )
8 9 2 3
3 log 7 log

=
x x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) ln( ) 2 3 ( ) 15 ln( e x =
2 3 ) 15 ln( = x
x 3 2 ) 15 ln( = +
x =
+
3
2 ) 15 ln(
x = 569 . 1
( ) ( )
2 3
ln 15 ln

=
x
e
1
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Solve for x
) ln( ) 6 5 ( ) ln(
3
7
e x + =
6 5 ) ln(
3
7
+ = x
x 5 6 ) ln(
3
7
=
x =

5
6 ) ln(
3
7
x = 031 . 1
1
6 5
3 7
+
=
x
e
( ) ( )
6 5
3
7
ln ln
+
=
x
e
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
) 2 log( ) 1 3 ( ) log(
7
5
= x
Solve for x
) 2 log( 3 ) 2 log( ) log(
7
5
x = +
( )
( )
x =
+
) 2 log( 3
) 2 log( ) log(
7
5
x = 172 . 0
1 3
2 7 5

=
x
( ) ( )
1 3
7
5
2 log log

=
x
) 2 log( 1 ) 2 log( 3 ) log(
7
5
= x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS