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Partial Fractions: Lesson 8.5

This document discusses the process of partial fraction decomposition. It can be used to decompose rational expressions into simpler fractional components that are easier to integrate. The key steps are: 1) factor the denominator into linear and irreducible quadratic factors, 2) write the rational expression as a sum of fractions with those factors in the denominator, and 3) determine the coefficients by setting the numerators equal and solving. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to decompose rational expressions and use the results to evaluate integrals.

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Ricardo Albrecht
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37 views18 pages

Partial Fractions: Lesson 8.5

This document discusses the process of partial fraction decomposition. It can be used to decompose rational expressions into simpler fractional components that are easier to integrate. The key steps are: 1) factor the denominator into linear and irreducible quadratic factors, 2) write the rational expression as a sum of fractions with those factors in the denominator, and 3) determine the coefficients by setting the numerators equal and solving. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to decompose rational expressions and use the results to evaluate integrals.

Uploaded by

Ricardo Albrecht
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Fractions

Lesson 8.5

Partial Fraction Decomposition


Consider adding two algebraic fractions
3 2 x 23 ?2 x 4 x 5 x x 20

Partial fraction decomposition reverses the process


x 23 3 2 2 x x 20 x 4 x 5

Partial Fraction Decomposition


Motivation for this process
The separate terms are easier to integrate

x 23 3 2 x2 x 20 dx x 4 dx x 5 dx

The Process
Given
P( x) f ( x) ( x r )n

Where polynomial P(x) has degree < n P(r) 0

Then f(x) can be decomposed with this cascading form


An A1 A2 ... 2 n x r x r x r

Strategy
Given N(x)/D(x) 1.If degree of N(x) greater than degree of D(x) divide the denominator into the numerator to obtain
N1 ( x) N ( x) a polynomial + D( x) D( x)

Degree of N1(x) will be less than that of D(x)

Now proceed with following steps for N1(x)/D(x)

Strategy
2. Factor the denominator into factors of the form p x q m and a x 2 b x c n where a x b x c is irreducible m 3. For each factor p x q the partial fraction must include the following sum of m fractions
2

A B M ... 2 m p x q p x q p x q

Strategy
4. Quadratic factors: For each factor of the n 2 a x b x c , the partial fraction form decomposition must include the following sum of n fractions.
Ax B Cx D Kx J ... 2 n 2 2 2 a x b x c a x b x c a x b x c

A Variation
Suppose rational 3x 1 3x 1 function has distinct 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 linear factors Then we know

3x 1 A B 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 A x 1 B x 1 x 1 x 1

A Variation
Now multiply through by the denominator to clear them from the equation

3x 1 A x 1 B x 1
Let x = 1 and x = -1 Solve for A and B

What If
Single irreducible quadratic factor

f ( x)

s x t

P( x)

But P(x) degree < 2m

Then cascading form is


Am x Bm A1 x B1 A2 x B2 ... 2 m 2 2 2 x s x t x s x t x s x t

Gotta Try It
Given Then
f ( x)

2 x3 5
2

x
...

2 x3 5
2

Ax B Cx D 2 2 2 x 2 x 2

2 x3 5 Ax B x 2 2 Cx D Ax 3 Bx 2 2 A C x 2 B D

Gotta Try It
2 x 5 Ax B x 2 Cx D
3 2

Ax Bx 2 A C x 2 B D
3 2

Now equate corresponding coefficients on each side Solve for A, B, C, and D

2 x3 5
2

Ax B Cx D 2 x 2 x 2 2 2

Even More Exciting


When
P( x) f ( x) D( x)

but

P(x) and D(x) are polynomials with no common

factors D(x) 0

Example

x2 x 3 f ( x) 2 x x 1

Combine the Methods


Consider
P( x) f ( x) D( x)

where

P(x), D(x) have no common factors D(x) 0

Express as cascading functions of

x r

Ai

and

Ak x Bk
2

s x t

Try It This Time


Given
2

x2 5x 4 f ( x) 2 x 1 x 3 x 5x 4 Ax B C 2 2 x 1 x 3 x 1 x 3

Now manipulate the expression to determine A, B, and C

Partial Fractions for Integration


Use these principles for the following integrals

x 5 dx
3

4x 3
2

x 1 x2 4 x 3 dx

Why Are We Doing This?


Remember, the whole idea is to make the rational function easier to integrate
x 5x 4 Ax B C 2 2 x 1 x 3 x 1 x 3
2

2x 1 1 2 x 1 x 3 2x 1 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 3 dx

Assignment
Lesson 8.5 Page 559 Exercises 1 45 EOO

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