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Water & Its Treatment: This Chapter Deals With Specification of Water, Hardness of Water, Softening and Its Treatment

This document discusses water treatment and purification. It begins by explaining the importance of water for life and how little of the Earth's water is readily available. The main sources of water are then outlined as rainwater, groundwater, and surface water. Rainwater is the purest but can dissolve atmospheric pollutants. Groundwater is largely pure after natural filtration but can contain dissolved salts. Surface water sources like rivers and lakes also contain dissolved minerals and impurities. The key impurities in hard water that need removal for various industrial uses are then detailed, such as calcium and magnesium ions which cause scale. The document concludes by categorizing the main types of impurities found in untreated water supplies.

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Shruti Arora
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53 views15 pages

Water & Its Treatment: This Chapter Deals With Specification of Water, Hardness of Water, Softening and Its Treatment

This document discusses water treatment and purification. It begins by explaining the importance of water for life and how little of the Earth's water is readily available. The main sources of water are then outlined as rainwater, groundwater, and surface water. Rainwater is the purest but can dissolve atmospheric pollutants. Groundwater is largely pure after natural filtration but can contain dissolved salts. Surface water sources like rivers and lakes also contain dissolved minerals and impurities. The key impurities in hard water that need removal for various industrial uses are then detailed, such as calcium and magnesium ions which cause scale. The document concludes by categorizing the main types of impurities found in untreated water supplies.

Uploaded by

Shruti Arora
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Water & Its treatment Introduction

This chapter deals with Specification of water, Hardness of water, Softening and its treatment.

Water- Most important and basic requirement on earth For existence of all living beings (human, animals, plants) For industrial processes and agricultural production Oceans contains- 97% of all the water on earth Glaciers- 2% 1% available for ready use Hence it is urgently required to use the available water most carefully and economically

Sources of water
1. Rain Water 2. Ground Water 3. Surface Water

Main Sources

Rain Water:
caused due to evap. of surface water & subsequent precip. Most purest form Dissolves Impurities (SPM, CO2, SO2, NO2) from atmosphere during pptation Can be stored in underground reservoir tanks

Ground Water: Largest available source of fresh water Form of rain water falling on earth Generally pure because it undergoes natural filtration during the percolation through soil pores Less likely to be contaminated by BACTERIA but contains dissolved salts To obtain in large quantity tube wells are used
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Surface Water:
The water that flows over the surface of earth & is Directly available

It includes

1. River water 2. Lake water 3. Sea water


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River water
Comes from melting of snow, rain and spring water (coming from earth) Contains dissolved minerals/salts like chlorides, sulphates, bicarbonates of Na, Ca, Mg
Also contains impurities of sand rocks & organic matter

SPECIFICATION OF WATER FOR DIFFERENT USE

Boilers: Paper Industry: Textile Industry:

Boilers:
Water used in boilers should be free from hardness because hard water causes sludge and scale formation which prevent efficient heat transfer Dissolved solids may cause caustic embrittlement (material of boiler becomes brittle due to accumulation of caustic substances)
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Paper Industry:
Should be free from silica and hardness water increases ash content Fe & Mn can affect brightness & color of the paper Water should be free from alkalinity as alkaline water consume more alum and increase cost of production.
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Textile Industry:
Should be free from hardness as hard water precipitates basic dyes and decreases the solubility of acidic dyes Presence of Fe, Mn salts causes uneven dyes Should be free from turbidity, colour and organic matter
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Sugar Industry: Should be free from sulphates, carbonates and nitrates otherwise crystallization and refining of sugar becomes difficult and sugar obtained is deliquescent (absorb moisture from air) Laundries: Hard water increases consumption of soaps Cooking: Hard water increases fuel consumption and cooking time
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IMPURITIES IN HARD WATER

Dissolved Impurities Suspended Colloidal Microorganism


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Dissolved Impurities a) Salts: Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Sulphates and chlorides of Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K. b) Gases: CO2, O2, N2, H2S Suspended impurities Inorganic-Clay, sand Organic- Vegetable & animal matter Colloidal Impurities: Products from organic waste, finely divided silica and clay etc. Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Algae
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End of the lecture

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