Demography

Ar. Harita salvi 12UP02

Demography
Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death. Demo means the people and graphy means measurement. Demographic analysis can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion and ethnicity. demography is usually considered a field of sociology Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of populations processes, while the broader field of social demography population studies also analyse the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population. The term demographics refers to characteristics of a population.

Demographics
Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics is also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that population at a specific point in time. Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location. Demographic trends describe the historical changes in demographics in a population over time (for example, the average age of a population may increase or decrease over time). Both distributions and trends of values within a demographic variable are of interest. Demographics are very essential about the population of a region and the culture of the people there.

Data and methods

1. 2. There are two types of data collection direct and indirect Direct methods Direct data come from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of residence). In developed countries with good registration systems (such as the United States and much of Europe), registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths. A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is usually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country.

Data and methods

However, in contrast to vital statistics data, which are typically collected continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 10 years or so, and thus are not usually the best source of data on births and deaths. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place. These compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data. Censuses do more than just count people. They typically collect information about families or households in addition to individual characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, literacy/education, employment status, and occupation, and geographical location. They may also collect data on migration (or place of birth or of previous residence), language, religion, nationality (or ethnicity or race), and citizenship. In countries in which the vital registration system may be incomplete, the censuses are also used as a direct source of information about fertility and mortality; for example the censuses of the People's Republic of China gather information on births and deaths that occurred in the 18 months immediately preceding the census.

Indian demographics
The demographics of India are inclusive of the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.21 billion people (2011 census), more than a sixth of the world's population. Already containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2025, surpassing China, its population reaching 1.6 billion by 2050. Its population growth rate is 1.41%, ranking 102nd in the world in 2010. India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4. India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well as two language isolates (the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir). Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.

demographic statistics
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Fact book, unless otherwise indicated. Total population1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA)1,028.7 million (2001 Census final figures, 1 March enumeration and estimated 124,000 in areas of Manipur that could not be covered in the enumeration) he population density of each district in India. Rural Population72.2%, male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 Census) Age structure014 years: 30.8%, male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024 1564 years: 64.3%, male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759 65+ years: 4.9%, male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.) Median age25.1 years Population growth rate1.548% (2009 est.) Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India. Literacy rate71.7% (Age 7 and above, as of 2001) 81.4% (Total population, Age 15-25, as of 2006)

demographic statistics
Percent of the population under the poverty line22% (2006 est.) Unemployment Rate7.8% Net migration rate0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) Sex ratio at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female under 10 years: 1.14 male(s)/female 1524 years: 1.09 male(s)/female 2464 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Life expectancy at birth total population: 69.89 years male: 67.46 years female: 72.61 years (2007 est.) Total fertility rate2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.), although more up to date statistics indicate that India's TFR was 2.6 in 2008 The TFR (Total number of children born per women)

demographic statistics
according to Religion in 2001 was : Hindus 2.0 Muslims 2.4 Sikhs 2.1 Christians 2.1 Buddhists 2.1 Jains 1.4 Animists and Others 2.99 Tribal 3.16 Scheduled Castes 2.89 Religions: Hindu 80.5% Muslim 13.4% Christian 2.3% Sikh 1.8% Buddhists 0.8% Jains 0.4% others 0.7% unspecified 0.1% (2001 Census) Scheduled Castes and Tribes, Scheduled Castes: 16.2% (2001 Census) Scheduled Tribes: 8.2% (2001 Census) Languages: See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million (the second largest being Bengali with some 207 million). 22 languages are recognized asofficial languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.

Population: Growth rate: Birth rate: Death rate: Life expectancy: male: female: Fertility rate: Infant mortality rate: 0-14 years: 15-64 years: 65-over: At birth: Under 15: 15-64 years: 65-over: Major ethnic: Official:

1,220,800,359 (2013 est.) (2nd) 1.41% (2009 est.) (93rd) 22.22 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) 1.4 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.) 69.89 years (2009 est.) 67.46 years (2009 est.) 72.61 years (2009 est.) [1] 2.5 children born/woman (SRS 2010) (82nd) 30.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) Age structure 31.1% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.) 63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.) 5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.) Sex ratio 1.12 male(s)/female (2009 est.) 1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.) 1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.) 0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.) Nationality See Ethnic Groups of India Language See Languages of India

Health parameters
The crude birth rate, the annual number of live births per 1,000 people. The general fertility rate, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44). age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.) The crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people. The infant mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births. The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years which an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels. The total fertility rate, the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.

Health parameters
The replacement level fertility, the average number of children a woman must have in order to replace herself with a daughter in the next generation. For example the replacement level fertility in the US is 2.11. This means that 100 women will bear 211 children, 103 of which will be females. About 3% of the alive female infants are expected to decease before they bear children, thus producing 100 women in the next generation. The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates. The net reproduction ratio is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing. A stable population, one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such a long period of time that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure. A stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).

Vital statistics
Period 19501955 19551960 19601965 19651970 19701975 19751980 19801985 19851990 19901995 19952000 20002005 20052010
1

Births per year

Deaths per year

Natural change per year 6,904,000 8,295,000 9,728,000 11,554,000 13,201,000 15,419,000 16,814,000 17,862,000 18,166,000 17,985,000 17,614,000 17,514,000

CBR1 43.3 42.1 40.4 39.2 37.5 36.3 34.5 32.5 30.0 27.2 24.8 23.1

CDR1 25.5 22.7 19.8 17.2 15.0 13.0 11.8 10.9 10.2 9.4 8.7 8.3

NC1 17.7 19.4 20.6 22.0 22.5 23.3 22.7 21.5 19.8 17.8 16.1 14.8

TFR1 5.90 5.90 5.82 5.69 5.26 4.89 4.47 4.11 3.72 3.31 2.96 2.73

IMR1 165.0 153.1 140.1 128.5 118.0 106.4 95.0 85.1 76.4 68.9 60.7 52.9

16,832,000 9,928,000 17,981,000 19,086,000 20,611,000 22,022,000 24,003,000 25,577,000 26,935,000 27,566,000 27,443,000 27,158,000 27,271,000 9,686,000 9,358,000 9,057,000 8,821,000 8,584,000 8,763,000 9,073,000 9,400,000 9,458,000 9,545,000 9,757,000

CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Religious demographics
Table 2: Census information for 2001 Hindus[24 Muslims[ Christian Composition Sikhs[27] Buddhist[28] Jains[29] Others1[30] ] 25] s[26] % total of population 80.5% 13.4% 2.3% 1.9% 0.8% 0.4% 0.6% 2001

10-Yr Growth % (est '91'01)[31]

No. of females/1000 males. (avg. = 944) Literacy rate (71.7% for Age 7 and above)[32] Work Participation Rate Rural sex ratio[31] Urban sex ratio[31] Child sex ratio (06 yrs)

20.3% 935

29.5% 940

22.6% 1009

18.2% 895

24.5% 955

26.0% 940

103.1% 1000

75.5
40.4 944 922 925

60.0
31.3 953 907 950

90.3
39.7 1001 1026 964

70.4
37.7 895 886 786

73.0
40.6 958 944 942

95.0
32.9 937 941 870

50.0
48.4 995 966 976

Neonatal and infant demographics

The table below presents the infant mortality rate trends in India, by gender, in last 15 years. In urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than female infant mortality rates. Infant mortality demographic trends of India per 1000 births Year Infant (0-1 year), Male Infant (0-1 year), Female 1998 70 74 [33] 2005 56 58 [34] 2009 49 52 [35] Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven - activists fear eight million female foetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 to 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc. The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870-930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 to 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States. Population within the age group of 0-6 Population above the age of 7

Linguistic demographics
43% of the Hindus speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, T elugu and other languages. Almost 45% of the Muslims speak Urdu while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and other languages. About one-third of the Christians speak Malayalam, one-sixth speak Tamil while the rest speak a variety of languages. In total, there are 1,652 languages and dialects spoken in India.

Population projections
India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability. 2020: 1,326,093,000 2030: 1,460,743,000 2040: 1,571,715,000 2050: 1,656,554,000