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Sattelite Comm

Satellite communications use the very highfrequency range of 1-50 gigahertz to transmit and receive signals. The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957. GEO satellites are placed in the space in such a way that only three satellites are sufficient to provide connection throughout the surface of the earth.

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Meenal Bhalla
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85 views22 pages

Sattelite Comm

Satellite communications use the very highfrequency range of 1-50 gigahertz to transmit and receive signals. The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957. GEO satellites are placed in the space in such a way that only three satellites are sufficient to provide connection throughout the surface of the earth.

Uploaded by

Meenal Bhalla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Prepared and Presented by: Manasi Bhalla Priyanka Mehra

A satellite is a selfcontained communication system with the ability to receive signals from Earth and to retransmit those signals back with use of a transponderan integrated receiver and transmitter of radio signals

Satellite communications use the very highfrequency range of 150 gigahertz to transmit and receive signals The frequency ranges or bands are identified by letters: (in order from low to high frequency) L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-, Ka-, and V-bands

There are broadly three major types of satellite system

Fixed Satellite System Mobile Satellite System Research Satellite System

Satellite communication has two main components:

The ground segment The space segment

The main components of a satellite consist of the communications system, which includes the antennas and transponders that receive and retransmit signals, the power system, which includes the solar panels that provide power, and the propulsion system, which includes the rockets that propel the satellite.

The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957 and equipped with an onboard radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies: 20.005 and 40.002 MHz.

GEO satellites are synchronous with respect to earth. These satellites are placed in the space in such a way that only three satellites are sufficient to provide connection throughout the surface of the Earth (that is; their footprint is covering almost 1/3rd of the Earth). The orbit of these satellites is circular. This is because it revolves around the earth at the earth's own angular velocity (360 degrees every 24 hours, in an equatorial orbit).

Northern or southern regions of the Earth (poles) have more problems receiving these satellites due to the low elevation above a latitude of 60, i.e., larger antennas are needed in this case. Shading of the signals is seen in cities due to high buildings and the low elevation further away from the equator limit transmission quality. The transmit power needed is relatively high which causes problems for battery powered devices. These satellites cannot be used for small mobile phones. The biggest problem for voice and also data communication is the high latency as without having any handovers, the signal has to at least travel 72,000 kms. Due to the large footprint, either frequencies cannot be reused or the GEO satellite needs special antennas focusing on a smaller footprint. Transferring a GEO into orbit is very expensive.

These satellites are placed 500-1500kms above the surface of the earth. As LEOs circulate on a lower orbit, hence they exhibit a much shorter period that is 95 to 120 minutes. LEO systems try to ensure a high elevation for every spot on earth to provide a high quality communication link.

Disadvantage

MEOs can be positioned somewhere between LEOs and GEOs, both in terms of their orbit and due to their advantages and disadvantages.

: Again, due to the larger distance to the earth, delay increases to about 70 80 ms. the satellites need higher transmit power and special antennas for smaller footprints

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations, regulates satellite communications. The ITU, which is based in Geneva, Switzerland, receives and approves applications for use of orbital slots for satellites.

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