Simple C++ Programs
ELEC 206 Computer Applications for Electrical Engineers Dr. Ron Hayne
Program Structure
Object-Based Programming Program Structure Dev-C++
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Object-Based Programming
Object-Oriented Programming
Identify the data requirements of the problem How the data will be used in the program
Class Inheritance
Abstract Data Types
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C++ Program
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter1_1 */ /* */ /* This program computes the distance between */ /* two points */ #include <iostream> #include <cmath> using namespace std;
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C++ Program
int main() { // Declare and initialize objects double x1(1), y1(3), x2(4), y2(7), side1, side2, distance; // Compute side1 = x2 side2 = y2 distance = sides of right triangle - x1; - y1; sqrt(side1 * side1 + side2 * side2);
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C++ Program
// Print distance cout << "The distance between the two points is " << distance << endl; // Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0; } /*----------------------------------------------*/
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Program Structure
Comments
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter1_1 */
// Declare and initialize objects
Preprocessor Directives
#include <iostream> #include <cmath>
Using Directive
using namespace std;
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Program Structure
Main Function
int main() {
}
Declarations
object types initial values
// Declare and initialize objects double x1(1), y1(3), x2(4), y2(7), side1, side2, distance;
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Program Structure
Statements
// Compute side1 = x2 side2 = y2 distance = sides of right triangle - x1; - y1; sqrt(side1 * side1 + side2 * side2);
// Print distance cout << "The distance between the two points is " << distance << endl;
Return
return 0;
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General Program Structure
preprocessing directives int main() { declarations; statements; }
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Dev-C++
Bloodshed Software
http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html Dev-C++ 5.0 beta 9.2 (4.9.9.2) (9.0 MB) with Mingw/GCC 3.4.2 Download from:
SourceForge
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Dev-C++
New Source File
Compile
Run
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Windows Friendly Exit
// Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0;
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Summary
Object-Based Programming Program Structure Dev-C++
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Simple C++
Constants and Variables C++ Operators Standard Input and Output
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Constants and Variables
Objects
Constants
Specific values
Variables
Memory locations
Identifiers
Begin with alphabetic character Lowercase or uppercase letters (case sensitive) Can contain digits (not first character) Cannot be a keyword
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Scientific Notation
Floating-Point
Mantissa
2.5, -0.004, 15.0
25.6 = 2.56 x 101 -0.004 = -4.0 x 10-3 25.6 = 2.56e1 -0.004 = -4.0e-3
Precision
Scientific Notation
Example
Exponent
Range
Exponential Notation
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Numeric Data Types
Integers
short int long
float double long double
Floating-Point
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Boolean Data Type
Example
bool error(false), status(true); cout << error << endl << status;
Program Output
0 1
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Character Data Type
ASCII
Appendix B 7-bit binary
Single quotes
Character Constant
'A', 'b', '3' '3' != 3
Can be interpreted as character or integer
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String Data
String Constant
Sequence of characters Double quotes
"Fred", "C17"
String Objects
string class
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String Class
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* This program prints a greeting */ /* using the string class. */ #include <iostream> #include <string> // Required for string class using namespace std;
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String Class
int main() { // Declare and initialize two string objects. string salutation("Hello"), name("Jane Doe"); // Output greeting. cout << salutation << ' ' << name << '!' << endl; // Exit program. return 0;
Hello Jane Doe!
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Symbolic Constants
Const
Declared and initialized Cannot be changed within the program
const double PI = acos(-1.0); const double LightSpeed = 2.99792e08;
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C++ Opeartors
Assignment Operator
identifier = expression;
Constant, Object, Result of an Operation
double sum; int x1; char ch; sum = 10.5; x1 = 3; ch = 'a';
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Expression
double sum(10.5); int x1(3); char ch('a');
Assignment Operator
Multiple Assignments
x = y = z = 0;
Type Conversion
long double double float long integer integer short integer
info lost
no loss
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Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators
Precedence
Positive Negative Multiplication Division Modulus Addition Subtraction
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Binary Operators
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Mixed Operations
Operation between values of different types
Value of lower type promoted Cast Operator
(type)
Examples
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Expressions
Distance = x0 + v0t + at2
double distance, x0, v0, a, t; distance = x0 + v0*t + a*t*t;
Tension = ?
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Increment and Decrement
Unary Operators
Increment Decrement
++ --
Prefix Postfix Examples
++count count--
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Abbreviated Assignment
Abbreviated Assignment Operators
x = x + 3; y = y * 2;
x +=3; y *=2;
Lowest Precedence (evaluate last)
a = (b += (c + d)); a = (b = b + (c + d)); b = b + (c + d); a = b;
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Standard Output
Standard Output
#include <iostream> cout << "Hello " << name; #include <iomanip> setprecision(n), fixed, scientific setw(n), left, right, setfill(ch) dec, oct, hex endl
Stream Manipulators
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Standard Output
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter2_4 */ /* */ /* This program computes area of a circle. */ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath> using namespace std;
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Standard Output
const double PI=acos(-1.0); int main() { // Declare and initialize objects. double radius(4.6777), area; // Compute area area = PI*radius*radius;
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Standard Output
// Output results cout << setprecision(4) << "The radius of the circle is: " << setw(10) << radius << " centimeters" << endl; cout << scientific << "The area of the circle is: " << setw(12) << area << " square centimeters" << endl;
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Standard Input
Standard Input
#include <iostream> cin >> var1 >> var2 >> var3; blanks, tabs, newlines
Whitespace used as delimiters
Values must be compatible with data type of objects Stream Manipulators
#include <iomanip> skipws, noskipws
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Summary
Constants and Variables C++ Operators Standard Input and Output
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Problem Solving
Basic Functions Numerical Technique
Linear Interpolation Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis
Problem Solving Applied
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Basic Functions
Basic Math Functions
#include <cmath>
Arguments are type double
Elementary Math Functions
fabs(x), abs(n) sqrt(x), pow(x,y) ceil(x), floor(x) exp(x), log(x), log10(x)
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Basic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Angles in radians (180 degrees = radians) sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(y,x)
const double PI = acos(-1.0); double angle_deg, angle_rad; angle_deg = angle_rad*(180/PI); angle_rad = angle_deg*(PI/180);
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Practice
2 Velocity v0 2a( x x0 )
velocity = sqrt(pow(v0,2) + 2*a*(x - x0));
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Other Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x)
Character Functions
#include <cctype> toupper(ch), tolower(ch) isdigit(ch), isupper(ch), islower(ch) isspace(ch), ispunct(ch)
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Interpolation
Use data points to determine estimates of a function f(x) for values of x that were not part of the original set of data
Cubic-spline Interpolation
Third-degree polynomial
Linear Interpolation
Straight line a<b<c ba [ f (c) f (a)] f (b) f (a ) ca
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Example
Data Set
Time, s Temp, deg F 0.0 0.0 1.0 20.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 60.0 68.0 77.0 110.0
Estimate the temp at 2.6s
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Problem Solving Applied
Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis
Problem Statement
Use linear interpolation to compute a new coefficient of lift for a specified flight-path angle
Input/Output Description
Data Point (a, f(a)) Data Point (c, f(c)) New Angle (b) New Coefficient f(b)
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Problem Solving Applied
Hand Example
Estimate coefficient of lift at 8.7 degrees
Algorithm Development
Read coordinates of adjacent points Read new angle Compute new coefficient Print new coefficient
Angle Coefficient (degrees) of Lift 6 0.479
8 10 12 14 0.654 0.792 0.924 1.035
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Problem Solving Applied
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter2_5 */ /* */ /* This program uses linear interpolation to */ /* compute the coefficient of lift for an angle.*/ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath> using namespace std; int main() {
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Problem Solving Applied
// Declare objects double a, f_a, b, f_b, c, f_c; // Get user input from the keyboard. cout << "Use degrees for all angle measurements. \n"; cout << "Enter first angle and lift coefficient: \n"; cin >> a >> f_a; cout << "Enter second angle and lift coefficient: \n"; cin >> c >> f_c; cout << "Enter new angle: \n"; cin >> b;
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Problem Solving Applied
// Use linear interpolation to compute new lift. f_b = f_a + (b-a)/(c-a)*(f_c - f_a); // Print new lift value. cout << fixed << setprecision(3); cout << "New lift coefficient: " << f_b << endl; // Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
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Problem Solving Applied
Testing
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Summary
Basic Functions Numerical Technique
Linear Interpolation
Problem Solving Applied
Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis
C++ Statements Style Notes Debugging Notes
End of Chapter Summary
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