This document discusses crystal planes, Miller indices, d-spacing, and Bragg's law of diffraction. It introduces how planes within crystal structures can be labeled with Miller indices like (hkl) and how the d-spacing equation calculates the separation distance between planes. Bragg's law states that diffraction occurs when the path difference between reflected beam is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. The summary is that Miller indices uniquely identify crystal planes, d-spacing calculates the separation of planes, and Bragg's law models diffraction from planes as reflections meeting the path difference criteria.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses crystal planes, Miller indices, d-spacing, and Bragg's law of diffraction. It introduces how planes within crystal structures can be labeled with Miller indices like (hkl) and how the d-spacing equation calculates the separation distance between planes. Bragg's law states that diffraction occurs when the path difference between reflected beam is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. The summary is that Miller indices uniquely identify crystal planes, d-spacing calculates the separation of planes, and Bragg's law models diffraction from planes as reflections meeting the path difference criteria.
This document discusses crystal planes, Miller indices, d-spacing, and Bragg's law of diffraction. It introduces how planes within crystal structures can be labeled with Miller indices like (hkl) and how the d-spacing equation calculates the separation distance between planes. Bragg's law states that diffraction occurs when the path difference between reflected beam is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. The summary is that Miller indices uniquely identify crystal planes, d-spacing calculates the separation of planes, and Bragg's law models diffraction from planes as reflections meeting the path difference criteria.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses crystal planes, Miller indices, d-spacing, and Bragg's law of diffraction. It introduces how planes within crystal structures can be labeled with Miller indices like (hkl) and how the d-spacing equation calculates the separation distance between planes. Bragg's law states that diffraction occurs when the path difference between reflected beam is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. The summary is that Miller indices uniquely identify crystal planes, d-spacing calculates the separation of planes, and Bragg's law models diffraction from planes as reflections meeting the path difference criteria.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 22
Objectives
By the end of this section you should:
understand the concept of planes in crystals know that planes are identified by their Miller Index and their separation, d be able to calculate Miller Indices for planes know and be able to use the d-spacing equation for orthogonal crystals understand the concept of diffraction in crystals be able to derive and use Braggs law Lattice Planes and Miller Indices Imagine representing a crystal structure on a grid (lattice) which is a 3D array of points (lattice points). Can imagine dividing the grid into sets of planes in different orientations All planes in a set are identical The planes are imaginary The perpendicular distance between pairs of adjacent planes is the d-spacing Need to label planes to be able to identify them Find intercepts on a,b,c: 1/4, 2/3, 1/2
Take reciprocals 4, 3/2, 2
Multiply up to integers: (8 3 4) [if necessary] Exercise - What is the Miller index of the plane below? Find intercepts on a,b,c:
Take reciprocals
Multiply up to integers: Plane perpendicular to y cuts at , 1, (0 1 0) plane General label is (h k l) which intersects at a/h, b/k, c/l (hkl) is the MILLER INDEX of that plane (round brackets, no commas). This diagonal cuts at 1, 1, (1 1 0) plane NB an index 0 means that the plane is parallel to that axis Using the same set of axes draw the planes with the following Miller indices: (0 0 1) (1 1 1) Using the same set of axes draw the planes with the following Miller indices: (0 0 2) (2 2 2) NOW THINK!! What does this mean? Planes - conclusions 1 Miller indices define the orientation of the plane within the unit cell The Miller Index defines a set of planes parallel to one another (remember the unit cell is a subset of the infinite crystal (002) planes are parallel to (001) planes, and so on d-spacing formula For orthogonal crystal systems (i.e. o=|==90) :-
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 c l b k a h d 1 + + = For cubic crystals (special case of orthogonal) a=b=c :- 2 2 2 2 2 a l k h d 1 + + = e.g. for (1 0 0) d = a (2 0 0) d = a/2 (1 1 0) d = a/\2 etc. A tetragonal crystal has a=4.7 , c=3.4 . Calculate the separation of the: (1 0 0) (0 0 1) (1 1 1) planes A cubic crystal has a=5.2 (=0.52nm). Calculate the d-spacing of the (1 1 0) plane ] b a [ c l a k h d 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + + = Question 2 in handout: If a = b = c = 8 , find d-spacings for planes with Miller indices (1 2 3)
Calculate the d-spacings for the same planes in a crystal with unit cell a = b = 7 , c = 9 .
Calculate the d-spacings for the same planes in a crystal with unit cell a = 7 , b = 8 , c = 9 .
X-ray Diffraction Diffraction - an optical grating X Y | | 1 2 a Coherent incident light Diffracted light Path difference XY between diffracted beams 1 and 2: sin| = XY/a XY = a sin | For 1 and 2 to be in phase and give constructive interference, XY = , 2, 3, 4..n so a sin | = n where n is the order of diffraction Consequences: maximum value of for diffraction sin| = 1 a = Realistically, sin |<1 a > So separation must be same order as, but greater than, wavelength of light.
Thus for diffraction from crystals: Interatomic distances 0.1 - 2 so = 0.1 - 2 X-rays, electrons, neutrons suitable Diffraction from crystals X Y Z d Incident radiation Reflected radiation Transmitted radiation u u 1 2 ? X-ray Tube Detector Beam 2 lags beam 1 by XYZ = 2d sin u so 2d sin u = n Braggs Law X Y Z d Incident radiation Reflected radiation Transmitted radiation u u 1 2 We normally set n=1 and adjust Miller indices, to give 2d hkl sin u = 2d sin u = n e.g. X-rays with wavelength 1.54 are reflected from planes with d=1.2. Calculate the Bragg angle, u, for constructive interference. = 1.54 x 10 -10 m, d = 1.2 x 10 -10 m, u=? | . |
\ |
= u = u
d 2 n sin n sin d 2 1 n=1 : u = 39.9 n=2 : X (n/2d)>1 Example of equivalence of the two forms of Braggs law: Calculate u for =1.54 , cubic crystal, a=5 2d sin u = n (1 0 0) reflection, d=5 n=1, u=8.86 o
n=2, u=17.93 o
n=3, u=27.52 o
n=4, u=38.02 o
n=5, u=50.35 o
n=6, u=67.52 o
no reflection for n>7 (2 0 0) reflection, d=2.5
n=1, u=17.93 o
n=2, u=38.02 o
n=3, u=67.52 o
no reflection for n>4 1 d h a k b l c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + + Use Braggs law and the d-spacing equation to solve a wide variety of problems 2d sin u = n or 2d hkl sin u = X-rays with wavelength 1.54 are reflected from the (1 1 0) planes of a cubic crystal with unit cell a = 6 . Calculate the Bragg angle, u, for all orders of reflection, n. Combining Bragg and d-spacing equation 056 . 0 6 0 1 1 2 = + + = 2 2 2 2 2 a l k h d 1 + + = =18 d 2 d = 4.24 d = 4.24 | . |
\ |
= u
d 2 n sin 1 n = 1 : u = 10.46 n = 2 : u = 21.30 n = 3 : u = 33.01 n = 4 : u = 46.59 n = 5 : u = 65.23 = (1 1 0) = (2 2 0) = (3 3 0) = (4 4 0) = (5 5 0) 2d hkl sin u = Summary We can imagine planes within a crystal Each set of planes is uniquely identified by its Miller index (h k l) We can calculate the separation, d, for each set of planes (h k l) Crystals diffract radiation of a similar order of wavelength to the interatomic spacings We model this diffraction by considering the reflection of radiation from planes - Braggs Law
