Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System
What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.
Trying to figure out where you are is probable mans oldest pastime.
Finally US Dept of Defense decided to form a worldwide positioning system. Also known as NAVSTAR ( Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global positioning system) provides instantaneous position, velocity and time information.
GPS
Space Segment
Control Segment
User Segment
24 GPS space vehicles(SVs). Satellites orbit the earth in 12 hrs. 6 orbital planes inclined at 55 degrees with the equator. This constellation provides 5 to 8 SVs from any point on the earth.
The control segment comprises of 5 stations. They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master control. Here the satellite orbit, clock performance and health of the satellite are determined and determines whether repositioning is required. This information is sent to the three uplink stations
It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the satellites. The receiver performs following tasks:
Selecting one or more satellites Acquiring GPS signals Measuring and tracking Recovering navigation data
There are two services SPS and PPS The Standard Positioning Service
SPS- is position accuracy based on GPS measurements on single L1 frequency C/A code C/A ( coarse /acquisition or clear/access) GPs code sequence of 1023 pseudo random bi phase modulation on L1 freq
PPS is the highest level of dynamic positioning based on the dual freq P-code The P-code is a very long pseudo-random bi phase modulation on the GPS carrier which does not repeat for 267 days Only authorized users, this consists of SPS signal plus the P code on L1 and L2 and carrier phase measurement on L2
Requirements Triangulation from satellite Distance measurement through travel time of radio signals Very accurate timing required To measure distance the location of the satellite should also be known Finally delays have to be corrected
Position is calculated from distance measurement Mathematically we need four satellites but three are sufficient by rejecting the ridiculous answer
Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from the satellite Assuming the satellite and receiver clocks are sync. The delay of the code in the receiver multiplied by the speed of light gives us the distance
If the clocks are perfect sync the satellite range will intersect at a single point. But if imperfect the four satellite will not intersect at the same point. The receiver looks for a common correction that will make all the satellite intersect at the same point
Here the P code is made un gettable by converting it into the Y code. This problem is over come by cross correlation
Satellite errors Atmospheric propagation errors Atmospheric errors can be removed by Single freq users model the effects of the Troposphere causes delays in code and carrier But they arent freq dependent But the errors are successfully modeled Errors due to Multipath Receiver noise Forces on the GPS satellite