Object Oriented Programming using C++
Overview
Problem Solving Features of an OOL Basic Syntax Programming Paradigms
Solving a Programming Problem
Analysis Design Coding Management
Programming paradigms Programming languages
Concepts & Relationships
A rectangle uses lines A circle is an ellipse A wheel is part of automobile A set creates its elements
Some Features of OOP languages
An OOP language should support
Easy Representation of
Real-world objects Their States and Abilities
Interaction with objects of same type Relations with objects of other type Polymorphism and Overloading
Reusability of code Convenient type definitions
Basic Syntax
Same as C Additional operators Additional keywords
Programming Paradigms
Procedural Programming (functions) Modular Programming (namespaces) Object Oriented Programming (classes) Generic Programming (templates)
Procedural Programming
A program is a list of instructions Concentration is on what is to be done? Problems created by global data No access control !!
Modular Programming
namespace Example to learn the syntax : A toy math library.
Matrix Module
Allocate Transpose Print Allocate Transpose Print
Vector Module
Declaration of namespaces
// in file stdmatrix.h namespace Matrix { int** allocate(int r,int c); void print(int **matrix,int r,int c); }; // in file stdvector.h namespace Vector { int *allocate(int size); void print(int *vector,int size); };
Definition of Matrix functions
int **Matrix::allocate(int r, int c) { int **mat; mat = new int*[r]; for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) mat[i] = new int[c]; return mat; }
void Matrix::print(int **matrix,int r, int c) { for (int i = 0; i < r ; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < c ; j++) printf("%d ",matrix[i][j]); printf("\n"); } printf("\n"); }
Definition of Vector functions
int *Vector::allocate(int size) { int *vec = new int[size]; return vec; }
void Vector::print(int *vector,int size) { for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) printf("%d ",vector[i]); printf("\n"); }
How to use Matrix and Vector ?
// in the file main.c #include <stdmatrix.h> #include <stdvector.h>
using namespace Matrix; using namespace Vector;
main() { int **m = Matrix::allocate(3,4); int *v = Vector::allocate(3); Matrix::print(m,3,4); Vector::print(v,3); }
Adding functions to namespaces
How does user add the transpose function now ? // in the file mymatrix.h #include stdmatrix.h namespace Matrix { int **transpose(int **matrix, int r, int c); }
Adding definitions
// In the file mymatrix.cpp #include mymatrix.h int **Matrix::transpose(int **matrix, int r, int c) { // Code for transposing and returning the // matrix. }
Using the transpose()
// in the file main.c #include <mymatrix.h> #include <myvector.h>
using namespace Matrix; using namespace Vector;
main() { int **m = Matrix::allocate(3,4); // fill with some random data in the matrix. int **tm = Matrix::transpose(m, 3, 4); }
Object Oriented Programming
Class Object Overloading (operators, functions) Inheritance
Class
class : Definition of the entity
A tool for creating new types
Ex: Matrix and Vector public, private, and protected
Access Control
Constructors, Destructors Member functions
The Matrix Class Definition
class Matrix { private: int **m; public: Matrix(); void print(); void transpose(); Matrix *transpose(); ~Matrix(); }
Access Control Constructor/Destructor Member Functions
Ordinary Functions Overloaded Functions
Constructors
Different Constructors for a class
Matrix(); Matrix(int init); // 0 = zero matrix, 1 = Identity!! Matrix(Matrix m);
Writing a constructor
Objects
Creation
Named object, free-store object (new & delete), non-static member object, an array element, temporary object, etc
Destruction Copying Objects
Direct assignment Copy Constructors - Matrix::Matrix(Matrix &m);
Creating Matrix Objects
Matrix m; Matrix *m = new Matrix(); Matrix *n = m; Matrix *n = new Matrix(m); Matrix ma[10]; Matrix *mp = new Matrix[10]; Matrix *np = new Matrix[10](m);
Interacting with Matrix Objects
Matrix m; m.transpose(); Matrix *n = m.transpose();
Functions
Static functions Constant functions and mutable Inline functions Helper functions
Operators
Member and Non-Member Operators Unary Binary
Matrix & operator+= (Matrix a) // member Matrix Matrix::operator + (Matrix b) // member Matrix operator + (Matrix a, Matrix b) //non-member
A Code Example
class Complex { private: int real; int imaginary; public: Complex(int r, int i= 0): real(r),imaginary(i); Complex(const Complex& a); int re() const; int im() const; void operator += (Complex a); Complex operator + (Complex b); void print(); };
The Code..
Complex(const Complex& a) { real = a.real; imaginary = a.imaginary; } int re() const { return real; } int im() const { return imaginary; }
The Operator Code
void operator += (Complex a) { real += a.re(); imaginary += a.im(); } Complex operator + (Complex b) { Complex nc(*this); nc += b; return nc; }
Inheritance
What is inheritance ? Parent and Derived Some properties of derived classes
Constructors Member functions Overloading
Inheritance in C++
Class Rectangle : public Shape { } Class Student : public Person { } Public, protected and private !!
Multiple Inheritance
class Transmitter { } Class Receiver { }
Class Radio : public Transmitter, public Receiver
Abstract Classes
class Shape { public: virtual void rotate ( int )=0; // Make it pure !! virtual void draw()=0; } Polymorphism through virtual functions ?
Virtual Base Classes
Base | Derived1 |__
Derived3
Base | Derived2 __|
class Derived1 : virtual public Base class Derived2 : virtual public Base class Derived3 : public Derived1, public Derived2
Member Access Table
Derived with Private Base Protected Base Private Variables Protected Variables X private X protected
Public Base X Protected
Public Variables
private
protected
Public
Templates And Generic Programming
Generic Functions and Classes template <class X> FUNCTION_NAME() Example :
template <class X> void swap(X &a, X &b); template <class X, class Y> void function(X &a, Y &b)
An example
template <class data_type> class List { data_type data; List *next; public: List(data_type d); data_type getdata(); }
Creating Template Objects
A list of integers List<int> li; A list of doubles List<double> ld; A list of strings List<string> ls; A list of addresses List<address> ls;
(where address is a predefined class/structure)
C++ I/O
The <iostream> using namespace std; cout, cin, cerr ifstream, ofstream and fstream Ifstream in; in.open(const char *filename,openmode mode) Mode can be ios:in, ios;out, ios:app,ios:binary,etc
File Reading and Writing
ifstream in; double num; char str[20]; in.read((char *)&num, sizeof(double)); in.read(str,10); Using << and >> Operators. in.getline();
The Standard Template Library
#include <vector> vector <int> v; Insertion, Access and Deletion:
push_back,pop_back,insert,front,size,..(see the manual)
Iterators vector<int>::iterator p = v.begin(); Other Templates :: List, Deque, Map.etc!!
Basic Exception Handling
Try Throw Catch
Syntax
try { throw something;
} catch (something) { // Do whatever has to be done here. } catch () :: Catches everything.
Syntax
try { throw something;
} catch (something) { // Do whatever has to be done here. } catch () :: Catches everything.
