The War to End War

Neutrality
 Wilson wants to keep America neutral in the
conflict raging in Europe
 Will be hard to do
 Most Americans were anti-German from the start
 The Kaiser seemed to embody arrogant autocracy
 Position strengthened by Germany’s ruthless strike
against neutral Belgium
Ethnic Groups In America
 Irish – Hated the British and were openly
committed to the Central powers
 Germans – Strongly sympathetic with the
struggles of the “homeland”
 Italians – Sympathies with Italy when they
join the Allied Powers
American sympathetic with British

 Majority sympathized with British and

French
 Strongties with France during the
Revolutionary War
 Shared a history with Britain make most
Americans side with the Allies
Hard to remain neutral
 British cabled news on a daily basis to U.S.
newspapers
 Britishkept the U.S. press well informed of German
soldier’s atrocities in Belgium and France
 Many Americans had close personal ties with
Great Britain
 American leaders like TR calling for support of the
war
 A series of diplomatic crisis also lead Americans to
choose a side
Economic links
 Britain having trouble purchasing war
supplies
 JP Morgan and others allowed to extend as
much as $3 billion in secured credit
 Maintains U.S. prosperity
 Sustained Allied war effort
 Trade between U.S. and Germany stops
Economic policy effects neutrality

 Americans free to trade with Germany but

Britain controlled the Atlantic
 As trade ends with Germany, Americans
drawn closer to Allies
 Americans support Allies to retrieve the
loans given to Allies
U.S. economy during war
 U.S. in recession by 1914
 Economy rebounds after the war after war
supplies ordered from the British and French
 By 1915 U.S. businesses had never been so
prosperous
 Allies borrowed money in excess of $3 billion to
support the Allied war effort
Submarine Warfare
 War Zone
 Germany hopes to challenge British naval
supremacy with submarines
 Germany announces a blockade of its own
around Britain
 Ships attempting to enter the “war zone” will
be sunk by German U-boats
U Boats
 Underseeboot or undersea boat
 New weapon challenging British naval
supremacy
 Hard to detect and destroy ships without
being seen
Lusitania
 May 7, 1915
 British passenger ship sunk of coast of
Ireland
 128 Americans killed
 Challenged American neutrality by sinking
unarmed ship
 American war fever sweeps nation
Strict accountability
 Wilson wants to scold Germans without going to
war
 Will hold them strictly accountable if attacking
unarmed ships continues
 Wilson drawing line in sand which might lead to
war
 Bryan resigns in protest because it might lead to
war
Arabic
 August 1915
 2 Americans lost their lives when German
subs attack another passenger ship
 Germans agree not to sink any more ships
without warning
Sussex Pledge
 March 1916
 Germans sank the Sussex
 Wilson threatened to cut off relations with
Germany
 Rather than risk war Germany pledges not to
sink merchant or passenger ships without
warning
 Honored in 1916
 Hoping to keep the U.S. out of the war
Warring sides
 Allies
 France,Britain, Russia joined later by Italy
and Japan
 Axis
 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria
WWI and The War of 1812
 Americans attempting to maintain
neutrality while Europe at war
 Europeans wanted U.S. on their side and
at the same time to restrict trade with the
enemy nations
 Europe infringed on American rights as a
neutral to support their own war effort
Election of 1916
 TR decides not to run because it would again split the
Republican party
 Declines the Progressive nomination also
 Progressives end as a viable party
 Charles Evans Hughes given Republican nomination
 New York
 Progressive governor
 Supreme Court Justice
 United Republicans hurt Wilson’s chance for reelection
 Wilson running on his progressive record
“He kept us out of war”
 Hughes painted as wishy-washy on issue
of Germany
 Electing Hughes would invite war
 Roosevelt made speeches supporting war
 Hurt Hughes
Results
 Wilson
 277
 9,127,695
 Support from midwest and west attracted to Wilson’s progressive reforms
 Hughes
 254
 8,533,507
 Benson
 0
 585,113
 Hanly
 0
 220,506
Preparedness
 TR and other Republicans first to
recognize that U.S. is not prepared for war
 Call for “preparedness” as soon as war
broke out in Europe
 Wilson opposed getting prepared for war
as late as 1915
 Changed his policy and urged Congress to
approve expansion of armed forces
Reaction to preparedness
 Change in policy creates controversy
 Democrats who were anti-imperialist and
opposed to military build-up
 Wilson convinces Congress after a speaking
tour and they passed the National Defense
Act in June of 1916
 Increased the regular army to 175,000
 Congress approves the construction of 50
warships
Opposition to build-up
 William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams,
Jeanette Rankin (first woman
Congressman)
 Many who opposed the war before it
started became very loyal to the war effort
after it began
Isolationism still prevails
 Wilson wants to arm merchant ships
 Midwestern Senators block move
 Wilson hesitant to go to war
 Germany resumes unrestricted sub
warfare
 Why
 Germany on the ropes
 Called Wilson’s bluff on Sussex Pledge

 Broke relations with Germany

 Felt it could defeat Allies before U.S. got ready

War By Act of Germany
Zimmerman Note
 March 1, 1917
 German letter to Mexico
 Promised Mexico they could recover lost land
from US if they joined Germany and attacked the
U.S.
 Aroused American anger towards Germany and
Germany expects U.S. to enter war
“The difference between war and what we
have now is that now we aren’t fighting
back”

 German U boats sink 4 American ships

 Russia drops out of war to hold revolution
Wilson asks for war
 Solemn
 April 2, 1917
 Lost the gamble
 Did munitions makers get US into WWI?
 NO
 Already making money
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
American goes to War
 Wilson’s leadership to be challenged
 Broke American tradition of entangling
alliances
Wilson idealizes the war
 Wilson would have a hard time convincing
Americans that we were going to war to protect
shipping and trade
 Americans had prided themselves for their
isolationism from European intrigue and Wilson
was asking them to break that tradition
 Had to idealize the war to ask for a break in
tradition
America not aroused for War
 Midwest voted against war
 Jeannette Rankin (first congresswoman)
votes against it
“War to end war”
“To make the world safe for democracy”
 Made the War idealistic
 War is now a crusade
 High ideals compared to belligerents selfish war
aims
 Fight to shape international order
 Will not fight for riches or conquest of territory

 Wilson’s ideals were a perfect match for the

American public
Russia
 Hard to make the case for an idealistic war
and then be the ally of an autocratic
government
 When the Russian Revolution began,
Wilson could more easily reconcile this
difference
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
14 Points
 Wilson becomes moral leader of Allies
 Wants to keep Russia in the War
 Inspired Allies
 Demoralized enemy
“Peace without victory”
 U.S. wants no territorial gains from the war
 U.S. not entering the war to get rich
 U.S. wants to enter the war for the right,
idealistic purposes
 Raise the war to a higher moral cause
The Points
1. Abolish secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Remove economic barriers
4. Reduce armaments
5. Adjust colonial claims
More points
 Self determination to minority groups
 14th point
 League of Nations
 System of collective security
 Guarantee political independence and territorial

integrity of all countries

The “League”
 The 14 Points could be achieved thru a
united world organization promoting
peace.
 Peaceful association of nations to provide
a system of collective security to
guarantee the political independence and
territorial integrity of all countries
Not everyone like them
 Allies want booty
 Republicans mocked them
Creel Manipulates Minds
Committee on Public Information

 Mobilize minds for war

 Headed by George Creel
 Sell America the War
 Propaganda agency
 150,000 workers and writers
 75,000 four minute men give patriotic
speeches
Many forms of propaganda
 Posters
 Leaflets and pamphlets
 Booklets
 Hang-the-Kaiser movies
 “Over There”
 Most
memorable song from WWI written by
George M. Cohan, anthem of the War
Creel’s mobilization
 Relied more on voluntary compliance than
to require compliance.
 May have oversold America’s war effort
and hopes to lead the world to a much
better place
 May have led to post-war dissolution from
Americans and the world
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling
Dissent
German-Americans
 8 million
 Most loyal Americans
 Rumors spread of spying and sabotage
 Some retaliation on German-Americans
American Protective League
 War hysteria and patriotic enthusiasm too
often provided an excuse for nativist
groups to take out their prejudices on
minorities.
 Mounted “Hate the Hun” campaigns and
used vigilante action in attacking all things
German, from performing Beethoven to
cooking of sauerkraut.
Hatred of Germany
 Swept nation
 Would not play German music
 Banned books
 Liberty cabbage
 Liberty steak
Espionage Act of 1917
Sedition Act
 Reflect fears of anti war Americans
 Imprisonment for up to 20 years for persons who
either incite rebellion in the armed forces or
obstruct the operation of the draft
 Went further by prohibiting anyone from making
“disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the U.S.
government
 Debs convicted in 1918
 Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) attacked
Schenck vs United States
 Involved a man imprisoned for distributing
pamphlets against the draft
 Upheld his conviction under the Espionage Act
 Could revoke freedom of speech when it
presented a “clear and present danger”

 Debs will be pardoned by Harding later

The Nation’s Factories Go To War
Obstacles to mobilization
 Ignorance
 How much to make
 Old ideas
 Statesrightist and business people feared
government control
 How fast could the U.S. mobilize
US not ready for war
 US caught flat footed
 Modest efforts by Wilson to prepare for war
 Council of National Defense
 Shipbuilding to capture foreign trade
 Beefing up of army
 15th in the world
 Wilson had to get U.S. in fight before Germany
won the war
 Also he had to fight those who feared big government
control over business
Bernard Baruch
 War Industries Board
 Feeble powers
 To impose order on economic confusion
 Set production priorities and established
centralized control over raw materials and
prices
 Never really powerful
 Dismantled right after the war
Forging a War Economy
Mobilization
 Relies on patriotism more than laws
 America insulated by ocean
 Modest attempt to use government to
force war mobilization
Food Administration
 Feed Allies and American public
 Herbert Hoover
 Relies on voluntary compliance
 No ration cards
 Propaganda campaign
 Wheatless Wednesdays
 Victory gardens

 Limit of foodstuffs
 Alcohol limited
Voluntary approach works
 Farm production increases
 Food to Allies triples
 Imitated methods
 Fuel administration
 Gasless Sundays
 Treasury Department
 Victory Loans
 $21 billion by drives
Workers in Wartime
Work or fight
 “Labor will win the war”
 Could be drafted in unemployed
 Discouraged strikes
National War Labor Board
 Headed by Taft
 Stop labor disputes before they happen to
keep war effort alive
 Got 8 hours and high wages
Samuel Gompers and the AF of L

 Supported the war effort

 Doubled its membership
 Wages rose 20%
 New day dawning it seemed
IWW – International Workers of the
World
 Wobblies
 Damaging strikes
 “I Wont Work”
 Worst conditions and severe retaliations
Steel Strike of 1919
 Still wanted to be recognized to organize
and bargain collectively
 250,000 walk off
 Blacks used as strike breakers
 Violent
 Collapsed and setback for unions
Black migration
 War industries a magnet for black labor
 Began migration that would continue into
the 20s
 Sparked violence
 St.Louis
 Chicago
Suffering Until Suffrage
National Women’s Party
 Founded by Alice Paul
 Opposed the war and war effort
 Pacifists
 Marched against the war and used hunger
strikes
National Woman Suffrage
Association

 Supported war and Wilson

 Wanted role in shaping peace
 Helps women get the right to vote
Suffrage Movement Grows
 New momentum
 Wilson supports women’s suffrage
 States begin to give women suffrage
 1920 19th Amendment gives women the right to
vote (oh no, there goes the country)
Little gains for women’s labor
during war
 Women’s Bureau to protect women in
workplace
 Congress gives federally financed help in
maternal and infant health care
Very little success in other areas

 Foreshadows future of women shaping

political and economic way of life
Selling Bonds
 Pressure
 Patriotic
 LibertyBond button
 People used force or intimidation to get other
Americans to buy bonds

 Sold thru the Treasury Department

 Raised over $21 billion
Raising more money
 Liberty Bond drives
 Raised money by increasing personal and
corporate income taxes
 Tax on luxury goods

 Raised over $33 billion for the war

Government and War
 Federal government reluctant to exercise
its power
 Took over railroads at one point
 Seized enemy merchant vessels
 Built many new ships
Women and the War
 Took jobs vacated by drafted men
 Thousands in workforce for first time
 Convinced Wilson to support suffrage
Mexicans and the War
 Many cross border
 Looking for jobs
 Political upheavals in Mexico
 Southwest on farms
 Also Midwest in factories
African Americans and the War
 Took advantage of job opportunities
 Moved North
 400,000 served in WWI
 Few were permitted to be officers
 Barred from the Marines
 Construction battalions during war
 Segregated units
 Many not allowed to handle weapons
 French recognize their contributions to the war
but, not their own country
Making Plowboys Into Doughboys
Troops
 Americans did not think troops would have
to be sent
 Use the navy
 Use their money
 Use their manufacturing

 Europe scrapping the bottom of barrel

Conscription
 Wilson dislikes the draft
 Memories of the Civil War
 Congressmen opposed
 Believed violence would break out
Selective Service Act of 1917
 Ages 18-45
 All males
 Could not purchase exemptions
 Except some in key industries
 All groups could be called into service
 Worked effectively
 Noriots
 Some draft dodgers
 2.8 million were drafted
 4.7 sent to war
 Doughboys
Conscientious objector
 Those whose conscience would not allow
them to fight in the War either for personal
reasons or religious reasons
 Alvin York
Fighting In France - Belatedly
Russian leaves WWI
 Hold their revolution
 Frees Germans from eastern front
Berlin’s gamble
 Knock out Britain before US could join war
 Take US a year to join war
 Germans could continue unrestricted
submarine warfare
 By then US could not transport army
safely across Atlantic
Americans in France
 First deployed to fight in France
 Nomajor engagements early
 Meeting French girls
Other areas of engagement
 Belgium and Italy
 Archangel (Russia) to save munitions
 Siberia with the Japanese
 Save Siberia
 Rescue Czech troops
 Get military supplies
America Helps Hammer the “Hun”
“Over There”
 George M. Cohen’s song
 Reflects the idealism of both the troops
and the American public towards the war
German offensive in 1918
 Massive
 Allies unite under French Marshall Foch
The Yanks arrive
 Thrown into stop the offensive
 Chateau-Thierry – help stop German
advance
 Americans have replaced the Russians
 Fresh and idealistic
German offensive stopped
 2nd Battle of Marne stopped by counter-
offensive
 Fresh American troops help
 Americans and French also push
Germans from St. Mihiel
Americans get a front
 Pershing leader of American Expeditionary Forces
 Given Meuse-Argonne in 1918
 Cut German railroad lines
 47 days
 1.2 million Americans involved
 120,000 casualties
 Alvin York
 Captures over 300 by himself
 Most decorated American hero during WWI
 War ends
The Fourteen Points Disarm
Germany
Germans ready to surrender
 Allies too numerous for them
 Leaflets
 Promises by Wilson
Germany turns to Wilson
 Want peace based on 14 points
 Wilson says Kaiser must be overthrown
 Kaiser forced to flee
11-11-1918 at 11:00
 Germany surrenders
 The Great War is over
US contributions
 Foodstuffs, munitions, credit, oil,
manpower
 Only two major battles
 Reserves more demoralizing than actual
fighting
Americans depend on Allies
 Purchased supplies from Allies
 Aircraft were European
 Europe transported Americans to Europe
 No arsenal of democracy
Casualties
 49,000 American deaths
 Many die of disease
 112,432 total casualties
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
What role will Wilson play in
peace?
 Moral leader of Allies
 Extremely popular
 Prestige of victory
 Economic resources

 Begins to make mistakes

Off year politics
 Wants Democratic victory in off year
elections
 Republicans win Congress
 Wilson a diminished leader without
legislative majority at home
Wilson goes in person
 First President to travel to Europe
 Grandstanding?
 Excluded Republican Senators
 Henry Cabot Lodge left out (chairman)
 Wilson and Lodge hated each other
 Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee

 Scholar in politics until Wilson comes along

An Idealist Battles the Imperialists
in Paris
Wilson a hero
 Greeted as a hero by masses
 Promise of a better world
 Leaders afraid he could arouse a revolt
Big Four
 Led the Paris Conference
 Britain – Lloyd George
 France – Clemenceau
 Italy – Orlando
 US – Wilson

 Some want revenge against Germany

 Some had imperialistic ideas
Urgency needed
 Europe slipping into anarchy
 Communism moving in Russia

 Wilson wants a lasting peace and create a

league of nations to keep that peace
 Would control tyranny
 Stem tide of communism
 Iron out failures after the treaty is passed
Wilson gets compromises
 League of Nations main focus of Wilson’s
 Victors could not take possession of
conquered territory outright
 Becomes League protectorate
The League
 Focus of Wilson
 Assembly with all nations
 Controlled by great powers
 Agreed to by old world diplomats
Senators would not accept League

 Weakens Wilson in Europe

 They could now get compromises
Wilson back in Europe
 French demands
 Rhineland
and Saar Valley
 Compromise
 French get security treaty (aid from US and Britain)
 US not liking entangling alliances

 French give up Rhineland

Italian demands
 Battle over Fiume
 Wilson appeals over heads of Italy’s
leaders
 Effort falls flat
Struggles with Japan
 Shantung and German Islands
 Japanese had seized
 Japan gives up islands
 Wilson opposes Japanese control of Shantung
 Threaten to walk out
 Wilson has to compromise and give up Shantung
 China angry
The Peace Treaty That Bred A War
Provisions of the Treaty
 Germany was disarmed
 Germany lost her colonies
 Must admit guilt for the war
 Huge reparation payments
 French occupied the Rhineland
 New countries created
 Poland, Czech, Yugoslavia
 Create League of Nations
Wilson forced to compromise
 Needed to save the League of Nations
 Allies forced to compromise too
 Wilson a fallen idol in Europe
 Condemned by liberals and imperialists
 Able to soften treatment of Germany
 Wilson hopes League will iron differences out
Treaty of Versailles completed
 Germans forced to sign
 Blamed for WWI
 Large reparations to Allies
 Stripped of colonial empire
 Could not have large standing army or navy
 Felt betrayed
 Surrender based on 14 points
 Only a few left
 Will give rise to Hitler
Good parts of the Treaty
 Liberation of millions from dynasties
 Saved from being grab for imperialists
 Fairer because Wilson went himself
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
Critics
 Isolationists
 BreakAmerican entangling alliances policy
 Congress would lose power to the League
 Hun-haters
 Notharsh enough on Germany
 Should suffer more for their abuses
 Irish-Americans
 Denounce the League because it gave British more
influence in the League
 Could force U.S. to help crush any Irish move for
independence
Republican critics
 Would not approve in its existing form
 Wanted to “Americanize” it
Wilson’s mistakes
 Had appealed to Democratic victory in off
year elections of 1918 to strengthen his
hand at Paris
 Voters returned Republicans to power and
weakened Wilson in Paris
 Henry Cabot Lodge led Republican resistance
to Wilson’s Treaty
Irreconcilables
 Battalion of Death
 Opposed to League at home
 Would not vote for Treaty no matter what
 Either useless or super state
 Wilson comes home to push League
Reservationists
 Faction of Republicans in Senate was
larger in number than Irreconcilables
 Led by HC Lodge
 Accept League if certain reservations were
added to covenant
 Did not believe they could defeat the
Treaty
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse
Wilson optimistic
 Most Americans favored Treaty
 Lodge hoped to Amend it
 Did not feel he could defeat it
Lodge delays
 Senate Foreign Relations Committee
 Chairman
 Delayed moving on the Treaty to gain
critics
 Confusion and apathy
14 Lodge Reservations
 Reservations to Treaty
 Slap at Wilson
 Especially critical of Article X that bound
America to aid members of League

 Wilson would not accept them

 Hated Lodge
Wilson decides to go to the people

 National tour to support the Treaty

 Go over heads of Senators
 Left September 1919
 Luke warm welcome in mid-west
(Germans)
 Irreconcilables followed him
Rocky mountains
 Welcomed Wilson
 Pueblo, Colorado on Sept. 25, 1919
Wilson collapses
 Went back to Washington
 Wilson has a stroke
 Left an invalid
Defeat through deadlock
Wilson – Lodge Quarrel
 Did not like each other personally or
politically
 Wilson not willing to compromise on any
Lodge reservation
 Lodge was an expansionist unlike Wilson
Wilson defeats his own treaty
 Senate votes twice in November of 1919
 Wilson ordered Democrats to vote Treaty
down with Reservations
 Treaty defeated
 By democrats and irreconcilables
Senate acts again
 Country wanted a treaty
 Senators want treaty but apprehensive
about some reservations
 But, all reservations or no treaty
 Wilson still against it
 March, 1920 treaty defeated again
Who defeated the Treaty?
 Lodge-Wilson feud
 Traditionalism
 Isolationism
 Disillusionment
 Partisanship
 Wilson’s all or nothing stance
The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920
Wilson calls for a solemn
referendum on Treaty

 Leave it to the election of 1920

 Let the people decide
Republicans
 Platform satisfies both sides
 Warren G. Harding of Ohio
 Pushed thru by party bosses
 Calvin Coolidge VP
Democrats
 James Cox of Ohio
 Franklin Roosevelt as VP
Harding confusing
 Would work for a league but not THE
League
 Hurt Democrats trying to make this the
issue of the campaign
Results
 Women get the right to vote
 Harding – 404 and 16,143,407
 Cox – 127 and 9,130,328
 Debs – 0 and 919,799
 Christensen – 0 and 265, 411
Return to Normalcy
 Harding’s slogan
 Too much idealism
 Repudiation of high and mighty Wilson
 Moral overstrain
 Constant self sacrifice
 Death sentence for Treaty
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
America hurt the Leagues chances
of success

 US helped win war

 Most powerful nation does not join League
 Europe point fingers at Uncle Sam
Failure of Treaty partly America’s
fault

 Designed to rely on four major powers but

US refuses to join
 Plays into hands of Hitler
Events set in motion
 US spurns security treaty with France
 France fears Germany and builds up
military
 Germans rearm illegally
 Brings on Hitler
US buries its head in the sand
 Did not take on its acquired
responsibilities
 Could have changed destiny of world
 Instead let it drift into a bloodier war
 Demobilization
 Four million men had been taken out of the workforce to
fight in WWI
 Women and African Americans lost their jobs when the
Doughboys returned from Europe
 Wartime production went flat as war orders fall off
 With European farms back on the market, U.S. farmers
suffer from falling prices and begin to struggle
 Short business boom as consumers go on buying spree
but it doesn’t last
 In 1921 business plunged into a recession and 10% of
Americans were out of work
The Red Scare
 Many Americans move against socialism
 Unhappy with peace process
 Fear of socialism fueled by Communist
takeover of Russia
 Labor unrest in the U.S.
Palmer Raids
 Attorney General ordered J. Edgar Hoover to
arrest radicals, anarchists, socialists, and labor
agitators
 Hoover will help form a new organization to
battle subversive elements in American society
 Series of unexplained bombs around the U.S.
 One at Palmer’s house which shook his nerves
and prompted the arrest of many more radical
elements
Groups rounded up
 From November 1919 to January 1920
over 6,000 people were arrested, based
on limited criminal evidence
 Most were foreign born
 500 deported
Buford
 Known as the “soviet ark” in 1919 about
249 alleged alien radicals were deported
to Russia
States and the Red Scare
 States joined the anti-radical movement
 Passed laws against advocating violence
to secure social change
 Many IWW members were arrested
 5 members of NY legislature were denied
their seats after being duly elected
Business and the Red Scare
 Happy to break up unions
 Called closed shops “soviet shops”
Unions
 Regarded with distrust by many Americans
 Valued free enterprise
 Valued rugged individualism

 TR had offered them a Square Deal during

Progressive era and protected them from
lawsuits under the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
 During WWI they supported the war effort, won
wage increases and the number of union
members rose sharply
Strikes of 1919
 Seattle
 60,000 unionists joined shipyard workers in a
peaceful strike for higher wages
 Troops called out but no violence

 Boston Police Strike

 Police went on strike to protest firing of a few police
officers who had tried to unionize
 Governor Coolidge sent in National Guard to break
the strike
U.S. Steel Strike of 1919
 One of the great strikes in U.S. history
 Quarter of million steelworkers walked off their
jobs to get union recognition
 Owners refused to negotiate
 Brought in African American strike breakers
 Violence broke out
 Strike collapses after bitter confrontation
 Hurt union movement
Race riots
 Many African Americans had moved to the
North from the South looking for wartime
factory work
 Whites resent the increased competition
for jobs
 St. Louis
 Largest of the race riots in many cities
 9 whites and 40 blacks were killed
 Chicago race riots
 Blacks were expanding into white
neighborhoods
 Finding jobs as strike breakers
 Reign of terror for 2 weeks
 Black and white gangs roamed streets
 15 whites killed and 23 blacks
The South
 Conditions not better in the South
 Racial prejudice and fear of returning
African American soldiers create race
violence and lynching's by whites