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Volcano English

Volcanoes form when magma from the Earth's mantle rises to the surface through vents. There are over 1,500 active volcanoes located primarily along tectonic plate boundaries. Volcanoes erupt either explosively or nonexplosively depending on the composition of the magma, ejecting materials like lava, ash, bombs and blocks. Volcanic eruptions can have devastating local impacts but also influence global climate and enrich soils. Volcanologists monitor parameters like seismic activity, gas emissions and ground deformation to predict eruptions and understand volcano dynamics.

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210 views33 pages

Volcano English

Volcanoes form when magma from the Earth's mantle rises to the surface through vents. There are over 1,500 active volcanoes located primarily along tectonic plate boundaries. Volcanoes erupt either explosively or nonexplosively depending on the composition of the magma, ejecting materials like lava, ash, bombs and blocks. Volcanic eruptions can have devastating local impacts but also influence global climate and enrich soils. Volcanologists monitor parameters like seismic activity, gas emissions and ground deformation to predict eruptions and understand volcano dynamics.

Uploaded by

Karthikesan Mak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Volcanoes

Liquid. Hot. Magma.


Tungerahua Volcano, Ecuador
1

Volcano Statistics
Definition of Volcano
Mountain that forms when molten rock (magma) is forced to the Earths surface

Number of active volcanoes = ?


20 erupting right now (50-60/year) (160/decade)

Number of volcanologists = 1,500

World Map of Volcanoes

Volcanoes per Continent


250 200 150 100 50 0
str ut al h Am ia No r th eric Am a er ica e Af r A n i ca ta rc tic a ia As Eu ro p

Australia South America North America Asia Europe Africa Antarctica

So

Au

The Worlds Volcanoes


South America 11% North America 27% Europe 4% Africa 13% Antarctica 2%

Asia 37% Australia 6%

What causes volcanoes?


The Formation of Magma
Mantle rock melts when the temperature increases or the pressure decreases.

Volcanoes
form around

vents that

release magma onto the Earths surface.

Vents Lava

Magma Chamber

Where do Volcanoes form?


Most volcanoes form along tectonic plate boundaries!

~75% of the Worlds active volcanoes are in the Ring of Fire8

What causes volcanoes?

Convergent Plate Boundaries, Subduction Zones & Divergent Plate Boundaries


9

What causes volcanoes?

Some volcanoes are formed above Hot Spots places where the lithosphere is thin, allowing hot magma to rise from the mantle.

10

The Hawaiian Islands are formed from the Pacific plate moving over a hot spot. A new island is forming!

11

Parts of a Volcano
Crater Lava Side Vent

Main Vent
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Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Volcano

Composite Volcano

13

Circular base, sides have gentle slopes, made of layers of basaltic lava, nonexplosive.

14

Smallest, steep sides, ejected material & cinders falls back onto the volcano.
15

Largest, sides are not as steep as cinder cone, made of fragments plus lava, explosive!

16

Volcanic Eruptions

Lava flow
Lava fountain

Nonexplosive Eruptions

Explosive Eruptions

What is Lava?

-magma that flows onto the Earths surface


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The Composition of Magma Determines whether it is explosive or not!

High water content


More likely to be !!!
!!!

High

content

More likely to be Why?

Silica has a thick, stiff consistency Flows slowly Tends to Harden in the volcanos vent

18

What Erupts from a Volcano?


Lava can be thick or thin.

Blocky lava

Pahoehoe
(smooth & ropey)

Aa
(rough)

Pillow lava
(cools quickly on ocean floor)

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What Erupts from a Volcano?


Pyroclastic material
Rock fragments created by eruptions
magma explodes from volcano and solidifies in the air existing rock is shattered by powerful eruptions

Volcanic blocks

Volcanic bombs Volcanic ash

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Craters, Calderas, and Lava Plateau


Craters Form when material explodes out of
the vent then collapses back onto itself, leaving a depression.

Calderas Form a much larger depression


when the magma chamber empties and its roof collapses

Lava Plateaus Form when lava erupts from long


cracks, or fissures, and spreads out evenly (thousands of km)
22

Types of Volcanoes

Shield Volcano

Composite Volcano

Cinder Cone Volcano

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

Parcutin, Mexico
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Multiple Eruption Volcanoes


VesuviusItaly Mt. St. HelenWashington

Kilauea- Hawaii

March 2005

March 18, 1944

September 23, 2004

November 2000

79 AD

May 18, 1980

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Mount St. Helen

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Mt. Kilauea

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Mt. Parcutin

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How do volcanoes affect the Earth?


Flows and Fallouts Pyroclastic Flow = deadly, extremely hot ash and toxic gases, moving at hurricane-force speeds. Ash Fallout = volcanic ash drifts with the wind
Collapse buildings (too much weight) Dam rivers, leading to flooding or drought Smother crops Choke people and animals Very abrasive

28

How do volcanoes affect the Earth?


Climatic Changes
Ash & Gases can block sunlight
Drop average global temperature noticeably

Damage & Destruction of land & structures Volcanic Soils are rich in nutrients
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30

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How do volcanologists predict eruptions?


Measuring Small Quakes
Before eruption, increase in number & intensity

Measuring Ground Slope


Bulges may form as magma chamber grows (tilt meter)

Measuring Volcanic Gases in the Atmosphere


Outflow of volcanic gases
Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide

Measuring Temperature from Orbit


Measure changes in temperature over time

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You should not be a Volcanologist if.

You dont like hiking, backpacking, rock-climbing, etc. You are not interested in experiencing extreme temperatures and heights. If you dont like to travel to incredible places and see breathtaking views of the world. 33

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