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Computer Processing Techniques

The document discusses different types of computer processing techniques including data vs information, data processing, kinds of data processing like manual, mechanical, and electronic. It covers topics such as databases, methods of data processing including single user systems, batch processing, multi-programming, online processing, real-time processing, time-sharing, distributed processing, and multi-processing. Transaction processing systems are also summarized with examples of online and batch transaction processing.

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komal4242
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705 views

Computer Processing Techniques

The document discusses different types of computer processing techniques including data vs information, data processing, kinds of data processing like manual, mechanical, and electronic. It covers topics such as databases, methods of data processing including single user systems, batch processing, multi-programming, online processing, real-time processing, time-sharing, distributed processing, and multi-processing. Transaction processing systems are also summarized with examples of online and batch transaction processing.

Uploaded by

komal4242
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Processing Techniques

UNIT 1

DATA V/s INFORMATION


DATA Raw facts or figures INFORMATION Finished one

Unstructured
Unprocessed data What exists

Structured
Processed data What is required

Data Processing It is the conversion of data into more useful form i.e. transmission of data into meaningful information. Simplified Version
INPUT Data

PROCESSIN G

OUTPUT Information

Detailed Version
DATA Record, checked and prepared PROCESSIN G By computer Information e.g. Pay slips

Input

MAINTAINED DATA e.g. permanent details of employees

Kinds of data processing 1. Manual data processing abacus, slide rule, Napier bones 2. Mechanical data processing Electromechanical devices such as calculators, tabulators. 3. Electronic data processing Using systems Objectives of data processing Handle data Qualitative and quantitative data Appropriate and timely information Helps in decision making Improving productivity

Steps Of Data Processing


1. 2.

Preparation of source documents Input of data

3.

Manipulation of data (shifting, sorting and rearranging


the given input)

4. 5.

Output of information Storage of information

DATA BASE

It is the huge reservoir of data. Data base is an organized collection of files of

information that has been systematically recorded


and may form the basis of a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. Database Management System (DBMS)

It is a system for operating the data base The system or set of rules and methods allows for the definition, creation, updation, reading, maintenance and protection of the data base.

Methods /Modes Of Data Processing


1. 2.

Single User System Batch Processing

3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Multi-Programming
On-Line Processing

Real Time Processing


Time Sharing Distributed Processing Multi-Processing

1.

Single User System


It indicative of one of the earlier stages of computer development.

Here only one person can work at a time.


If the system is meant for the use of many persons, much time is wasted waiting for one person to finish his program

USER 1

USER 2

COMPUTER 1

COMPUTER 2

2.

Batch Processing
It is an old system but it is still for processing in which the capacity of the C.P.U is limited.

Here the data is collected and accumulated into


batches and processed periodically Here emphasis is on maximizing the computer resource utilization. Jobs are processed one after the other without

any user interaction.

e.g. Telephone billing: Here the subscriber does not get bill for every call he makes. Instead, his calls are recorded at a centralized place and are processed on

a predetermined period of time to prepare his Dept Stores bills.


Transaction

Drawbacks

Data preparation Punch cards

Time gap between capture of data Time consuming

COMPUTER

Delay in generating reports


REPORTS

3. Multi-programming / Multi tasking


In batch processing the memory and ALU are not fully utilized. Multi-programming enables to store execute more than one program in the C.P.U at the same time. When I/O devices are performing certain tasks the C.P.U may not be doing any task, it may be lying idle so it is desirable to process a number of programs concurrently. This is achieved by overlapping the C.P.U & I/O operations when several programs are running simultaneously. Improvement over batch processing. It does not allow users to interact with the computers

Processing

INPUT

PROGRAM 1

OUTPUT

PROGRAM 2

PROGRAM 3

4. Multi-Processing
Multiprocessing systems have 2 or more CPU which
have the ability to execute two or more jobs simultaneously. Instructions from several programs are carried out by different CPUs at the same time.

When one CPU fails then the other takes over the
processing In some other, networks are formed by interconnecting the CPUs , the small CPU called front end processors are used for I/O operations, scheduling, controlling of

jobs. In some each CPU perform only specific type of

Advantages
More efficient use of hardware resource other than
cpu. High reliability is ensured by the provision of automatic take over of complete work by other CPU in case of break down Disadvantages Large memory is required as it require many data and programs in memory at any time

Very expensive as it incur high operation and


maintenance cost It requires highly sophisticated operating system

5. On-Line Processing
Here data is not accumulated, instead data it is
entered and executed directly. Data is transmitted between I/O devices and a computer system via communication links. Here many users have direct access to the same

system and the file updated as soon as the


transaction is completed The online system consist of a large computer connected to many online terminals which communicate with it.

Here the system interacts directly with the user.

Records are updated at any time whereas in batch


processing updating may be once in a week. E.g.

Banking : It is possible to inform bank customers of


the status of their accounts in response to an enquiry by accessing relevant file using online terminal.

Benefits
Reduction in paper work Improved accuracy File updating Easy access to file Improved customer service

6. Real Time Processing


Also called Interactive mode or direct mode
It is called a real system because it has to give results based on dead lines which are imposed. User can have direct contact with the computer through his terminal. Data is processed on the spot and no delay between the time data is available and the time it is processed.

It is the technique of updating files, transactions,


data immediately after the event to which it occurs.

Terminal 1

Terminal 2

Terminal 3

Terminal 4

Computer

Data

Suitable for business operations such as Wholesale supplier & manufacturer

Airline seat availability


Manufacturing

7. Time Sharing / Multiuser system


It allow each user to interact with the computer.
Individual user has an independent terminal connected to the main computer which does all the processing work. The processor time is shared between two or more persons The processor switches from one users job to another at a rapid rate under the control of a

monitor program.
This concept is time based. All the users have the same priority so they get equal amount of

User 1 HOST COMPUTER TIME 1 USER 1 TIME 2 USER2 TIME 3 USER3 TIME4 USER4 TIME5 USER1 TIME 6 USER2

User 2

User 3

User 4

8 .Distributed Processing
It is a network of several computers in remote stations, each
of which is linked to a single host of computer. Processing power is distributed among several locations

Larger computer central computer maintains the firms


master data base. Each system is fully independent computer that maintains its own local data base in addition to communication with the master computer. All these systems are tied together to a high speed communication network E.g. In the retail industry, each stores network does its own processing but is under the centralized control of the stores

head quarters

Advantages
Accessing Distance The

unused processing power

and location is not a barrier

system is more responsive to the local needs can be shared

Resources Computer

power can be added or removed according

to the needs
Disadvantages
Dependence

on communication technology between equipments

Incompatibility

Transaction Processing
A transaction is an update made to information in a database

In electronic data processing data is processed in the


computers automatically. Transactions are carried out automatically through computers and its known as Transaction processing systems. These systems supports day to day operations. Payroll, inventory are some of the transaction processing systems

Types Of Transaction Processing System

Online Transaction Processing


This is the direct communication method between the operator and the transaction program. It will provide immediate results. Here transactions are processed to update a file or to make modifications in a file after the

transactions occur.
Batch Transaction Processing Transactions are grouped together & processed periodically on a sequential basis.

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