Animals: The

Invertebrates
 Characteristics of Animals
 Multicelled heterotrophic
eukaryotes
 Require oxygen for aerobic
respiration
 Reproduce sexually, and perhaps
asexually
 Motile at some stage

 Develop from embryos

Examples of Embryos
 Chordates
Echinoderms
Major Arthropods
Animal Annelids

Phyla Coelomate
Ancestry
Mollusks

Rotifers
Roundworms
Bilateral
Ancestry Flatworms

Radial Cnidarians
Ancestry

Multicelled Sponges
Ancestry
Figure 25.2
Page 415 Single-celled, protistanlike ancestors
 Symmetry

al rior
s te
dor po s

l
ra
ior ve
n t
t er
an

Radial Bilateral Figure 25.3

Page 416
 The Gut
 Region where food is digested and
then absorbed
 Saclike gut

– One opening for taking in food and

expelling waste
 Complete digestive system
– Opening at both ends; mouth and anus
 Question 1
 1.
Name two characteristics of
animals.
 Answer 1
 1. Name two characteristics of
animals.
 Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes

 Require oxygen for aerobic

respiration
 Reproduce sexually, and perhaps
asexually
 Motile at some stage

 Develop from embryos

 Question 2
 2. A soccer ball displays
radial/bilateral
symmetry. An airplane displays
radical/bilateral symmetry.
 Answer 2
 2. A soccer ball displays
radial/bilateral
symmetry. An airplane displays
radical/bilateral symmetry.
 Question 3
 3. Name the two forms of a “gut”.
 Answer 3
 3. Name the two forms of a “gut”.

 Sac-like and complete

Body Cavities - Acoelomate

epidermis
gut cavity

no body cavity; region between gut

and body wall packed with organs

Figure 25.4a
Page 417
Body Cavities - Pseudocoel
epidermis gut cavity

unlined body cavity

Figure 25.4b
(pseudocoel) around gut
Page 417
Body Cavities - Coelom

gut cavity

lined body cavity peritoneum

(coelom) Figure 25.4c
Page 417
 Question 4
 4.
A flatworm has a(n)
acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true
coelamate body cavity.
 Answer 4
 4.
A flatworm has a(n)
acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true
coelamate body cavity.
 Question 5
 5.
Humans and other vertebrates
have a true _______ (body cavity).
 Answer 5
 5.
Humans and other vertebrates
have a true coelom (body cavity).
 Segmentation
 Repeating series of body units
 Units may or may not be similar to
one another
 Earthworms - segments appear
similar
 Insects - segments may be fused
and/or have specialized functions
 Vertebrates, too.
Segmentation

Vertebrate Embryo
 Animal Origins
 Originated during the Precambrian
(1.2 billion - 670 million years
ago)
 From what? Two hypotheses:
– Multinucleated ciliate became
compartmentalized
– Cells in a colonial flagellate became
specialized
 Phylum Placozoa
 One living species,
Tricoplax adherens
 Simplest known
animal
 Two-layer body,
3 mm across

Figure 25.5
Page 418
Sponges - Phylum Porifera
 No symmetry (sometimes,
radial)
 No tissues
 No organs
 Reproduce sexually
 Microscopic swimming larval
 Sponge Structure
water out

glasslike
structural
elements

amoeboid
cell

pore
central
cavity semifluid
matrix
flattened
surface
cells

water in
Figure 25.7a
flagellum microvilli nucleus Page 419
Sponge and Spongebob!
 CSIRO_WaffleConeSponge_
WHOI
 Thisfootage was captured by the
remotely operated sub, Jason, about
2200 metres deep in the Tasman
Fracture Zone off south-eastern
Australia. It shows a 2-metre high
"waffle-cone" sponge….

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fj_3D
 Sponge Reproduction
 “Sponges Reproducing... And I'm not
talking about Spongebob ….”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOFF
 Question 6
 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum
_____.
 Answer 6
 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum
Porifera.
 Question 7
 7.
sponges make their living by
______ the sea water and removing
microorganisms which they eat.
 Answer 7
 7. sponges make their living by
filtering the sea water and removing
microorganisms which they eat.
 Question 8
 8.Which of the following consists of
only two flat cell layers?
 Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
 Answer 8
 8.Which of the following consists of
only two flatten cell layers?
 Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
 Phylum Cnidaria
 Nerve net
 Hydrostati
c skeleton capsule’s lid
at free surface
of epidermal
 Saclike gut cell
 Only trigger

animals barbed
that thread
inside
produce capsule
nematocys nematocyst
Figure 25.8
Page 420
Cnidarian Diversity
 Scyphozoans

– Jellyfish
 Anthozoans
– Sea anemones
– Corals
 Hydrozoans
 Two Main Body Plans

outer epithelium Polyp

(epidermis)

mesoglea
(matrix)

Medusa
inner epithelium
(gastrodermis)

Figure 25.9 Page 420

Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan)
female medusa male medusa
reproductive
polyp

sperm
ovum

feeding zygote
polyp

polyp
forming
planula

Figure 25.10
Page 421
 Video: Hydra
 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olym
YouTube - Jelly Fish All Around

 “Thejelly fish came to this lake in

Palau through a tunnel which
connected the sea and the lake long
time ago. Now the tunnel have
closed, and the jelly fish came to
have no poison in an environment...”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTXi
YouTube - Tioman giant jellyfish
 “Giant
jellyfish encountered while
snorkeling on a dive trip at Pulau
Tioman, Malaysia “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOJN
 Question 9
 9.Jellyfish and their relatives belong
to the phylum _______. (Stopped
10/5/06)
 Answer 9
 9.Jellyfish and their relatives belong
to the phylum cnidaria.
 Question 10
 10.Name two characteristics of
cnidarians.
 Answer 10
 10. Name two characteristics of
cnidarians.
 Nerve net

 Hydrostatic skeleton

 Saclike gut

 Only animals that produce

nematocysts
 Question 11
 11.Name the two body forms of
cnidarians.
 Answer 11
 11.Name the two body forms of
cnidarians.

 Polyp and medusa

 Flatworms:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Acoelomate, bilateral,
cephalized animals
 All
have simple or complex
organ systems
 Most are hermaphrodites
 Three Classes

 Turbellarians (Turbellaria)

 Flukes (Trematoda)

 Tapeworms (Cestoda)
 Planarian Organ Systems

flame cell
nucleus

pharynx
cilia
protonephridia

fluid
filters
opening of through
tubule at membrane
body surface flame cell folds

Fig. 25.11a,b
Page 422
Planarian Organ Systems

brain nerve cord

ovary oviduct genital pore

testis

penis

Fig. 25.11cd
Page 422
 Planaria
 “twoplanarias,(flatworm), from lake
Tecocomulco in Mexico. Dos
planarias se cruzan sin tocarse.”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duw
 Land Planarian of Borneo

 “TerrestrialFlatworm at Sepilok
Restoration Forest, Sabah, Borneo.
The first individual is approx. 12 cm,
the second is approx. 35cm. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fq_a
 Flukes: Class Trematoda

 Parasitic worms Worms mate in

human host
Larvae bore
 Complicated life into human
skin
cycle
– Larval stage Larvae form,
leave snail Fertilized egg

infects a Asexual reproduction

in intermediate host
mollusk Ciliated larva

– Adult infects a
Figure 25.14
vertebrate Southeast Asian blood fluke
Page 424
 Chinese Liver Fluke

Class: Trematoda
 Tapeworms: Class Cestoda
(Stopped here; p 6-7)
Definitive host

Larvae
Scolex attaches
encysted in
to host
muscle
intestinal wall
tissue

Intermediate Figure 25.15

host Mature proglottid with fertilized eggs Page 424
Scolex of Tapeworm
 From "tumour" on human heart
surgeons take some worms
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_hz

Not for the nervous…….!!

 Youtube video
 Not for the nervous…….!!

 “About This Video Video not for nervous - from "tumour"

on human ...
(more) Added: August 08, 2007 Video not for nervous -
from "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms.
The background is those - the tumour on heart has been
found out, operation is appointed. Shooting was initially
conducted for training students of medical institute. About
any helminths there was no also a speech. That in
"tumour" there lives family of tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium
latum) became known only on a course of operation.
How do tapeworms get into the heart?
Here is simple tapeworm migration scheme: intestine - a
liver - the right heart - a lung - a trachea - a throat - then
leave human body.”
 Not for the nervous…….!!

 “Actually tapeworm larva follow instinct, aspire to

be distributed in regular intervals in an organism
and take root into human bodies while migration.
It can lead to very serious changes: a hepatites,
a cirrhosis of a liver, regeneration of cells of a
liver, changes in a cardiac muscle (myocardium),
bronchites, pneumonias, tonsillitises, antritises,
otitises and many other things to diseases.

So larva not only settle in those organs of an

organism on which pass, but also get into them
and migrate on different channels, hurt vital body
organs. “
 Question 12
 12.To which phylum do flatworms
belong?
 Answer 12
 12.To which phylum do flatworms
belong?

Platyhelminthes
 Question 13
 13.
Which of the following is(are)
mismatched?

 Tapeworm - Turbellaria
 Liver fluke – Trematoda

 Planarian - Cestoda
 Answer 13
 13.
Which of the following is(are)
mismatched?

 Tapeworm - Turbellaria
 Liver fluke – Trematoda

 Planarian - Cestoda
 Question 14
 14.State three characteristics of
flatworms.
 Answer 14
 14. State three characteristics of
flatworms.
 Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized
animals
 All have simple or complex organ
systems
 Most are hermaphrodites
 Roundworms (Nematoda)

 False coelom
 Complete digestive system

pharynx intestine eggs in uterus gonad anus

false coelom muscularized body wall

Figure 25.13
Page 423
 Nematode in the Weep
 “At100x, a bacteria-eating
Nematode from the Weep stream.
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay
National Wildlife Reserve, near
Drawbridge, the Weep site. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALqs
 Freshwater Nematode Video
 http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/h
 Parasitic Nematodes
 Wucheria bancrofti
(Causes elephantiasis)
 Trichinella

 (Causes Trichinellosis)
 Wucheria bancrofti
(Causes elephantiasis)

Affected leg Normal leg

 The main points of the life cycle of
lymphatic filariasis:

•Mosquito takes a blood meal where it

takes up the microfilariae.

•The microfilariae develops into

infective larvaie in about 10-14 days.

•Adults develop in lymphatics and the

females produce microfilariae that
migrate into the lymph nodes and
blood stream. This spans about 6-12
months.
•
•Adult worms live from 10-15 years,
and females produce microfilariae for
3-5 years. The microfilariae lives
about 1.5 years.
http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/LymphaticFilariasis/General%20Information.htm
120 million people suffer from this disease in about
80 countries and 1.2 billion are at risk of being infected
1/3 of the cases are in India, 1/3 are in Africa,
and the rest are in Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas.

http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/LymphaticFilariasis/General%20Information.htm
 Trichinella
 What is trichinellosis?
 “Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is
caused by eating raw or undercooked
meat of animals infected with the larvae of
a species of worm called Trichinella.
Infection occurs commonly in certain wild
carnivorous (meat-eating) animals but
may also occur in domestic pigs.”
 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/
trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.htm#what
 What are the symptoms of a trichinellosis
infection?

 Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and

abdominal discomfort are the first symptoms of
trichinellosis. Headaches, fevers, chills, cough,
eye swelling, aching joints and muscle pains,
itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation follow the
first symptoms. If the infection is heavy, patients
may experience difficulty coordinating
movements, and have heart and breathing
problems. In severe cases, death can occur.
 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.ht
m#what
The Biology of Trichinella Video
 http://www.trichinella.org/bio_summary
Trichinella Life Cycle
“larvae of Trichinella spiralis in nurse cells within striated muscle.
Trichinella is often referred to as the largest intracellular parasite.
As a larva enters a muscle cell, the cell is molecularly programmed
to differentiate into a nurse cell which loses its contractile capabilities
and serves to nourish the larva. All stages of this worm's life cycle
occur in a single host. 100x” http://workforce.cup.edu/Buckelew/Trichinella%20spiralis%20encysted%20larvae.htm
Trichinella Nurse Cell
 Rotifers

 Bilateral
 Cephalized
 False coelom
 Crown of cilia at
head end
 Complete gut

Figure 25.17
Page 425
 Video: Rotifers
 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/a
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/
 Rotifers
 “Several
Philodina rotifers
swimming about & feeding .”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
 Rotifers from the bird bath
with close-up SEM

 “Rotifers close up from the bird

bath”.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qufI2
 Question 15
 15.
Of the following groups, which
ones are pseudocoelomates?

 Tapeworms, rotifers, flukes,

nematodes
 Answer 15
 15.
Of the following groups, which
ones are pseudocoelomates?

 Tapeworms, rotifers, flukes,

nematodes
 Question 16
 16.Of the following groups, which
ones have a complete digestive
track?

 Tapeworms, rotifers, nematodes,

planarians
 Answer 16
 16.Of the following groups, which
ones have a complete digestive
track?

 Tapeworms, rotifers, nematodes,

planarians
 Question 17
 17. How do rotifers obtain food?
 Answer 17
 17. How do rotifers obtain food?

 Theyuse their “crown of cilia” to set

up a water current that brings
bacteria and protists into their
mouths.
 Two Coelomate Lineages
Protostomes Deuterostomes

 Mollusks  Echinoderms

 Annelids  Chordates

 Arthropods
 Cleavage Patterns

Protostome embryo
(spiral cleavage)

Deuterostome embryo
(radial cleavage)

In-text figure
Page 426
 First Opening in Embryo
pouch will form
mesoderm
around coelom protostome

developing gut

coelom

solid mass of
mesoderm

deuterostome

developing gut In-text figure

Page 426
 Question 18
 18.What are the names for the two
“coelomate lineages”?
 Answer 18
 18.What are the names for the two
“coelomate lineages”?

 Protostomes and deuterostomes

 Question 19
 19.Correctly match the protostomes
and deuterostomes with the proper
cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.
 Answer 19
 19.Correctly match the protostomes
and deuterostomes with the proper
cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.

 Protostomes ---- spiral

 Deuterostomes -- radial
 Mollusks: Phylum Mollusca
 Bilateral,soft-bodied, coelomate
 Most have a shell or reduced version
of one
 Mantle drapes over body and
secretes shell
 Most have a fleshy foot

 Many have a radula for shredding

food
Molluscan Diversity

 Gastropods

 Chitins

 Bivalves

 Cephalopod

s
 Torsion
 Twisting of body
parts during mouth
larval gill anus
development
 Occurs only in
gastropods

Figure 25.18
Page 426
 Body Plan of a Snail

heart
mantle cavity

gill
anus

mantle

digestive
gland

foot

radula Figure 25.18

Page 426
Cone Snails
Cone Snail Radula
 Videos: Cone Snails
 “Informational 3D animation on
the Cone snail venom apparatus
and conotoxins “
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
 cone snail
 “the most promising species in
pharmacology, a cone snail injects its
prey with a poison-tipped harpoon at
the speed of lightning..”
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
 Body Plan of a Clam

left mantle
mouth
retractor muscle

retractor muscle

foot
left gill shell
palps Figure 25.21
Page 429
 Cephalopods
 Only the nautilus retains external
shell
 Other cephalopods are streamlined,
active swimmers
 All move by jet propulsion
– Water is forced out of mantle cavity
through a funnel-shaped siphon
 Have large brains relative to body
size
 Cuttlefish Body Plan
Closed circulatory system with heart
and accessory heart
Figure 25.22 esophagus
Page 429 digestive kidney stomach
gland
brain

arm

jaw

mantle
reproductive internal
siphon ink sac heart accessory organ shell
tentacle radula anus gill heart
 Video: Unknown deep-sea squid
recorded by Tiburon

 http://www.mbari.org/news/news_relea
Jumbo squid attacks camera
 Jumbo squid up to 2 metres long
have invaded waters off the central
coast of California and are devouring
local fish populations More info at:

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg
 Question 20
 20.
Name three characteristics of
mollusks.
 Answer 20
 20. Name three characteristics of
mollusks.
 Bilateral, soft-bodied, coelomate

 Most have a shell or reduced version of

one
 Mantle drapes over body and secretes
shell
 Most have a fleshy foot

 Many have a radula for shredding food

 Question 21
 21. Name three classes of mollusks.
 Answer 21
 21. Name three classes of mollusks.

 Gastropods

 Chitins

 Bivalves

 Cephalopods
 Question 22
 22.What is torsion? To which class
of mollusks does it pertain?
 Answer 22
 22.What is torsion? To which class
of mollusks does it pertain?

 Torsion:
the rotation of the visceral
mass so that the anus is in a
“forward” position.

 Gastropods (snails)
 Question 23
 23. In bivalves, what does the “foot”
do?
 Answer 23
 23. In bivalves, what does the “foot”
do?
 It is used to “dig” into the substrate.
 Question 24
 24.Which mollusks use” jet”
propulsion as a means of
locomotion?
 Answer 24
 24.Which mollusks use” jet”
propulsion as a means of
locomotion? cephalopods
Annelids: Phylum Annelida
Segmented, coelomate worms

 Class Polychaeta
 Class Oligochaeta
 Class Hirudinea
 Polychaetes
“jaws”

toothlike
structures
 Most are marine pharynx
(everted)
 Bristles extend antenna

from paired, palp

(food handling)
fleshy parapods tentacle

on each eyes

segment chemical-
sensing pit
 Head end is
specialized
parapod

Fig. 25.24c
Page 430
Leeches - Class Hirudinea

 Predators and parasites

 Less obvious body

segmentation

 Most have sharp jaws

 Leech Body Plan

http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/helmint/annelhom/hiru0100/ol654waw.htm
 Hirudin: Anticoagulant
 “Hirudin: An anticoagulant ("bloodthinner"). Hirudin is the
active principle in the salivary secretion of leeches. The
name hirudin is from Hirudo medicinalis, the name of the
medicinal leech.
 In 1884 John Haycraft in Strasbourg found that leeches
contained a substance with anticoagulant properties. This
anticoagulant in leech saliva was isolated in the 1950s and
found to be an antithrombin (an inhibitor of thrombin). The
primary chemical structure of hirudin was determined in
1976.
 The anticoagulant drugs desirudin and lepirudin (brand
name: Refludan) are genetically engineered recombinant
forms of hirudin.”

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3762
Leech Toon
 Earthworm - An Oligochaete
No parapodia, few bristles per
segment
Dorsal blood vessel

Circular muscle
Longitudinal Coelom
muscle
Nephridium

Nerve cord

Figure 25.25a
Seta (retracted)
Page 431 Nerve cord
 Earthworm Nephridium
bladderlike storage nephridium’s thin loop reabsorbs some
region of nephridium solutes, relinquishes them to blood

blood
vessels

body
wall

Figure 25.25b
funnel (coelomic fluid external pore (fluid containing Page 431
with waste enters here) wastes discharged here)
Earthworm Circulatory System

Hearts

Figure 25.25c
Page 431
 Earthworm Digestive System

Coelomic chambers

Crop Gizzard
Esophagus
Pharynx

Mouth

Figure 25.25d
Page 431
Earthworm Nervous System

Brain

Nerve cord Figure

25.25e
Page
431
 Non-Aging Worm, Aeolosoma
tenebrarum

“Shows no increase in mortality rates with aging.”

http://www.biotech.missouri.edu/Dauer-World/Aging/Oligochaete.html
Wilson’s Promontory National Park
 Giant Gippsland Earthworm
Megascolides australis
 80cm is common, but may be 5 m
long!
 Giant Gipsland Earthworm
 Filmed by Nick Hayward

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZig
 Giant Palouse Earthworm
(Driloleirus americanus)

Driloleirus americanus is a large, pinkish-white earthworm as much

as 3 feet long, said to smell like lilies when handled. Threatened by
habitat loss (Palouse bunchgrass prairie) and non-native worm species.
During summer droughts, the worms dug burrows as deep as 15 feet.
 Question 25
 25.To which phylum do earthworms
belong?
 Answer 25
 25.To which phylum do earthworms
belong?

Annelida
 Question 26
 26.What are three characteristics
that distinguish earthworms from
nematodes?
 Answer 26
 26.What are three characteristics
that distinguish earthworms from
nematodes?

 Closed
circulatory system,
segmentation, coelomate, setae
 Question 27
 27.
What the three classes of
annelida?
 Answer 27
 27.
What the three classes of
annelida?

 Class Polychaeta
 Class Oligochaeta
 Class Hirudinea
 Arthropods:
Phylum Arthropoda
 The
phylum with the greatest
number of species
 Four lineages:
– Trilobites (all extinct)
– Chelicerates (spiders, mites,
scorpions)
– Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps,
barnacles)
– Uniramians (insects, centipedes,
 Adaptations for Success

 Hardened exoskeleton Do not

post on
 Jointed appendages Internet

 Fused and modified segments

 Respiratory structures
 Specialized sensory structures
 Division of labor

Figure 25.26
Page 432
 Question 28
28. What is the name for the phylum
that contains spiders, crabs and
insects?
 Answer 28
28. What is the name for the phylum
that contains spiders, crabs and
insects? What does the term literally
mean?

Arthropoda “jointed legs”

 Question 29
29. Name two lineages of arthropoda.
 Answer 29
29. Name two linages of arthropoda.
– Trilobites (all extinct)
– Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions)
– Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles)
– Uniramians (insects, centipedes,
millipedes)
 Chelicerates (STOPPED)

 Originated in seas
A few are still marine: horseshoe
crabs, sea spiders
 The arachnids are all terrestrial
Spiders Mites
Scorpions Chiggers
“Daddy longlegs” Ticks
 Body Plan of a Spider

eye brain heart digestive gland Malpighian tubule

poison
gland

book lung ovary silk gland anus

pedipalp mouth sperm receptacle spinners
chelicera
Figure 25.28
Page 433
 Crustaceans

 Most are marine, Copepods

some freshwater, a Crayfish
few terrestrial
Barnacles
 Head has two pairs Lobsters
of antenna, three
Shrimps
pairs of food-
Crabs
handling
Isopods (pillbugs)
appendages
Amphipods
 Lobster Body Plan

one of two fused segments of segments of

antennae eyes cephalothorax abdomen
(two pairs)

food-handling
appendages
(three pairs)

swimmerets tail
fin
first leg

five walking legs (five pairs total)

Figure 25.29a
Page 434
 Crab Life Cycle

Larval and juvenile

stages molt repeatedly
and grow in size
egg

Figure 25.30
Page 435
 Important Pond Crustaceans
Copepods (Phylum: Arthropoda)
Most have a single medial eye

The head and part of the thorax is covered

by a cephalosome

Most are free living and microscopic

The class, Copepoda, contains 10 orders

Copepods are primary consumers

 Typical Copepod Body Plan

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/crust/copbiol.html
 Copepods Feeding
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ggk2
 Zooplankton
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
wlKnfic_mUM&feature=related
 Ostracods
These crustaceans live in freshwater,
brackish and marine environments

Ostracods are primary consumers

They have seven pairs of appendages

attached to a head and thorax

Their bodies are covered with a carapace,

similar in shape to a clam shell
Ostracod Morphology
 Ostracod Photos

Often called “Seed Shrimp”

 Ostracod Video
 Ostracod Vultures

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdwI

 Ostracod Feeding
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x
UIi9PyXlls&feature=related
 Cladocera
 Commonly known as water fleas
 Cladocera are not insects

 They are crustaceans

 Common genus: Daphnia

 Daphnia Video
 Daphnia from Fenton Lake New
Mexico Under Microscope
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDQ

 Heartbeat of a waterflea

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJCn
 Decapods
These crustaceans have 5 pairs of
walking legs
Decapods include the freshwater
crayfish and shrimp

Refer to the “Lobster Diagram” for

morphology
 Video: Crayfish
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi3R

 Gordon Ramsey
 Question 30
30. Name two common pond
crustaceans.
 Answer 30

30. Name two common pond

crustaceans.

Crayfish (decapoda)
Copepods
Ostracods
 Question 31
 31. Crustaceans have two/three
pairs of antennae and two/three pair
of food getting appendages.
 Answer 31
 31.Crustaceans have two/three
pairs of antennae and two/three
pairs of food getting appendages.
 Millipedes and Centipedes
(Uniramians)
 Segmented bodies with many legs
 Millipedes
– Two pairs of legs per “segment”
– Scavengers
 Centipedes
– Flattened, with one pair of legs per
segment
– Predators
 Insect Body Plan

 Thorax usually has three pairs of

legs and one or two pairs of wings
 Abdomen contains most internal
organs and specialized structure
for reproduction
 Three-part gut

 Malpighian
tubules attach to
midgut and serve in elimination of
wastes
Insect Body Plan
 Locust Swarms in Africa
 “Billionsof Locusts, which appear
once every fourteen years, attack a
car near Mbandaka, Congo. In their
wake, thousands of fields are
annihilated. “
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
wxHOxCmbs-8
 David A.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k
cArEEvQZ-M&feature=related
 Insect Headparts
Butterfly Mosquito
Grasshopper

antenna labrum

mandible

Fly

maxilla
palps

labium
Figure 25.32
Page 436
 Insect Diversity
 The only winged invertebrates

 More than 800,000 known species

 Most successful species are small

in size and have a great
reproductive capacity
 Types of
Growth and molting

Insect
Development egg young adult

Incomplete metamorphosis
Different stages exploit
different resources at
different times
egg nymphs adult

Complete
metamorphosis

egg larvae pupa adult

 Unwelcome Arthropods
 Poisonous
spiders
 Disease-carrying
ticks
 Venomous
scorpions Do not
post on
Internet
 Agricultural pests
Corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera)

Figure 25.38
Page 439
 Praying Mantis vs Locust
 “Its
feeding time for the Asian
Praying Mantis at ZSL London Zoo”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnk8

 Biological Pest Control

 Question 32
 32. Insects and the two/three pairs
of legs and usually have two/three
pairs of wings.
 Answer 32
 32. Insects and the two/three pairs
of legs and usually have two/three
pairs of wings.
 Echinoderms
 Deuterostomes
Do not
 Body wall has spines post
photos
or plates on
Internet
 No brain
 Adults are radial withSea urchin
bilateral features
Sea cucumber

Figure 25.39
Page 440
Brittle star
 Echinoderm Diversity

 Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)

 Sea stars
 Brittle stars
 Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars
 Sea cucumbers
 Body Plan of a Sea Star
sieve
gonad coelom
plate
anus

upper
stomach

lower
stomach

digestive gland

eyespot

Figure 25.40a
Page 441
Water Vascular System

sieve plate

ampulla

Figure 25.40b
Page 441
 Pacific Northwest's kelp
forest
 “PacificNorthwest's kelp forest is
inhabited by numerous rockfish and
perch species. It is a nursing ground
for many juvenile fish, which often
attract larger fish into the area. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-Pn
 “Urchin Barren”
 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 An urchin barren is an area of the subtidal where the
population growth of sea urchins has gone unchecked,
causing destructive grazing of kelp beds or kelp forests.
Sea urchins eat kelp holdfasts but also climb on kelp to
graze on the stipes and fronds. This can be caused by a
lack of sea otters or other predators in the area, which
makes it extremely important to protect the ecological
balance in a kelp forest.
 Red Urchin Barren video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXQ

 “Underwater video of red sea urchin

barren, filmed by the California
Department of Fish and Game's
remotely operated vehicle (ROV) unit
off Santa Rosa Island. “
 Coral reefs destroyed by Crown of
Thorns Starfish outbreaks

 “Special
Report for Andaman News
TV11 (VHF dial) at 8.30am & local
Cable TV channel 1 + maybe FM90.5
Radio Thailand 6pm, broadcast to
Ph”…..

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toAd
 Question 33
 33.To which phylum do starfish and
sea urchins belong?
 Answer 33
 33.To which phylum do starfish and
sea urchins belong?

 Echinodermata
 Question 34
 34.What are three characteristics of
the echinoderms?
 Answer 34
 34. What are three characteristics of
the echinoderms?

 Deuterostomes
 bilateral/radial symmetry
 no brain
 water vascular system
 “spiny skins”
 Question 35
 35.What are three types of
echinoderms?
 Answer 35
 35. What are three types of echinoderms?
 Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)
 Sea stars
 Brittle stars
 Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars
 Sea cucumbers
New Zealand Giant Squid

Giant Lobster Invades Playground

 Not Kidding!
22 pounds!