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Characteristics of Instrumentation

There are two main types of sensors - passive sensors that do not add energy to the measurement process and active sensors that do. The relationship between the physical variable measured and the sensor output signal is known as the sensor calibration. Instrument accuracy is defined as the difference between the true value and measured value, and can be affected by systematic errors from miscalibration due to interfering inputs, temperature changes, or human error in reading measurements. Random errors exhibit a Gaussian distribution when measurements are repeated.

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Ekania Widyasari
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82 views11 pages

Characteristics of Instrumentation

There are two main types of sensors - passive sensors that do not add energy to the measurement process and active sensors that do. The relationship between the physical variable measured and the sensor output signal is known as the sensor calibration. Instrument accuracy is defined as the difference between the true value and measured value, and can be affected by systematic errors from miscalibration due to interfering inputs, temperature changes, or human error in reading measurements. Random errors exhibit a Gaussian distribution when measurements are repeated.

Uploaded by

Ekania Widyasari
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Characteristics of Instrumentation

Measurement Engineering

Measurement Engineering

There are many possible physical measurement variables.

Measurement Engineering

Measurement Engineering

Passive sensors Passive sensors do not add energy as part of the measurement process but may remove energy in their operation. One example of a passive sensor is a thermocouple, which converts a physical temperature into a voltage signal. In this case, the temperature gradient in the environment generates a thermoelectric voltage that becomes the signal variable. Active sensors add energy to the measurement environment as part of the Measurement process. An example of an active sensor is a radar or sonar system, where the distance to some object is measured by actively sending out a radio (radar) or acoustic (sonar) wave to reflect off of some object and measure its range from the sensor.

Measurement Engineering

The relationship between the physical measurement variable input and the signal variable (output) for a specific sensor is known as the calibration of the sensor.

Measurement Engineering

Measurement Engineering

The accuracy of an instrument is defined as the difference between the true value of the measurand and the measured value indicated by the instrument.

Measurement Engineering

There are a variety of factors that can result in systematic measurement errors. One class of cause factors are those that change the inputoutput response of a sensor resulting in miscalibration. The modifying inputs and interfering inputs discussed above can result in sensor miscalibration. For example, if temperature is a modifying input, using the sensor at a temperature other than the calibrated temperature will result in a systematic error. In many cases, if the systematic error source is known, it can be corrected for by the use of compensation methods . systematic errors or bias can be introduced by human observers when reading the measurement. A common example of observer bias error is parallax error. This is the error that results when an observer reads a dial from a non-normal angle

Measurement Engineering

Random error is sometimes referred to as noise, which is defined as a signal that carries no useful information. If a measurement with true random error is repeated a large number of times, it will exhibit a Gaussian distribution,

Measurement Engineering

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