How Traders Manage Their Exposures

How Traders Manage Their Exposures
Chapter 6
Risk Management and Financial Institutions, 2e, Chapter 6, Copyright John C. Hull 2009
A Traders Gold Portfolio. How Should Risks Be Hedged? (Table 6.1, page 114)
Position Spot Gold Forward Contracts Futures Contracts Swaps Value ($) 180,000 60,000 2,000 80,000
Options
Exotics Total
110,000
25,000 117,000
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Delta
Delta of a portfolio is the partial derivative of a portfolio with respect to the price of the underlying asset (gold in this case) Suppose that a $0.1 increase in the price of gold leads to the gold portfolio increasing in value by $100 The delta of the portfolio is 1000 The portfolio could be hedged against short-term changes in the price of gold by selling 1000 ounces of gold. This is known as making the portfolio delta neutral
Linear vs Nonlinear Products
When the price of a product is linearly dependent on the price of an underlying asset a ``hedge and forget strategy can be used Non-linear products require the hedge to be rebalanced to preserve delta neutrality
Example of Hedging a Nonlinear Product (page 116)
A bank has sold for $300,000 a European call option on 100,000 shares of a nondividend paying stock S0 = 49, K = 50, r = 5%, s = 20%, T = 20 weeks, m = 13% The Black-Scholes value of the option is $240,000 How does the bank hedge its risk to lock in a $60,000 profit?
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Delta of the Option

Option price
Slope = D A Stock price
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Delta Hedging

Initially the delta of the option is 0.522 The delta of the position is -52,200 This means that 52,200 shares must purchased to create a delta neutral position But, if a week later delta falls to 0.458, 6,400 shares must be sold to maintain delta neutrality Tables 6.2 and 6.3 (pages 118 and 119) provide examples of how delta hedging might work for the option.
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Table 6.2: Option closes in the money

Week 0 1 2 3 . 19 20 Stock Price 49.00 48.12 47.37 50.25 .. 55.87 57.25 Delta 0.522 0.458 0.400 0.596 . 1.000 1.000 Shares Purchased 52,200 (6,400) (5,800) 19,600 .. 1,000 0
Table 6.3: Option closes out of the money

Week 0 1 2 3 . 19 20 Stock Price 49.00 49.75 52.00 50.00 .. 46.63 48.12 Delta 0.522 0.568 0.705 0.579 . 0.007 0.000 Shares Purchased 52,200 4,600 13,700 (12,600) .. (17,600) (700)
Where the Costs Come From
Delta hedging a short option position tends to involve selling after a price decline and buying after a price increase This is a sell low, buy high strategy. The total costs incurred are close to the theoretical price of the option
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Gamma
Gamma (G) is the rate of change of delta (D) with respect to the price of the underlying asset Gamma is greatest for options that are close to the money
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Gamma Measures the Delta Hedging Errors Caused By Curvature (Figure 6.4, page 120)
Call price
C'' C'
Stock price S S'

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Vega
Vega (n) is the rate of change of the value of a derivatives portfolio with respect to volatility Like gamma, vega tends to be greatest for options that are close to the money
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Gamma and Vega Limits
In practice, a traders must keep gamma and vega within limits set by risk management
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Theta
Theta (Q) of a derivative (or portfolio of derivatives) is the rate of change of the value with respect to the passage of time The theta of a call or put is usually negative. This means that, if time passes with the price of the underlying asset and its volatility remaining the same, the value of the option declines
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Rho
Rho is the partial derivative with respect to a parallel shift in all interest rates in a particular country
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Taylor Series Expansion (Equation 6.1,

page 126)
P P 1 P 2 DP DS Dt (DS ) 2 S t 2 S 2 2 1 P P 2 (Dt ) DSDt 2 2 t St

2
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Interpretation of Gamma
(Equation 6.2, page 126)
For a delta neutral portfolio, DP Q Dt + GDS 2

DP
DP DS
DS
Positive Gamma
Negative Gamma
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Taylor Series Expansion when Volatility is Uncertain
P P P 1 P DP DS Ds Dt (DS ) 2 S s t 2 S 2 1 2P (Ds) 2 2 s 2
2
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Managing Delta, Gamma, & Vega
D can be changed by taking a position in the underlying To adjust G & n it is necessary to take a position in an option or other derivative
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Hedging in Practice
Traders usually ensure that their portfolios are delta-neutral at least once a day Whenever the opportunity arises, they improve gamma and vega As portfolio becomes larger hedging becomes less expensive
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Static Options Replication

(page 129)
This involves approximately replicating an exotic option with a portfolio of vanilla options Underlying principle: if we match the value of an exotic option on some boundary, we have matched it at all interior points of the boundary Static options replication can be contrasted with dynamic options replication where we have to trade continuously to match the option
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Scenario Analysis
A scenario analysis involves testing the effect on the value of a portfolio of different assumptions concerning asset prices and their volatilities
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How Traders Manage Their Exposures

Linear vs Nonlinear Products

Example of Hedging a Nonlinear Product (page 116)

Delta of the Option

Table 6.2: Option closes in the money

Table 6.3: Option closes out of the money

Where the Costs Come From

Stock price S S'

Gamma and Vega Limits

Taylor Series Expansion (Equation 6.1,

P P 1 P 2 DP DS Dt (DS ) 2 S t 2 S 2 2 1 P P 2 (Dt ) DSDt 2 2 t St

For a delta neutral portfolio, DP Q Dt + GDS 2

Taylor Series Expansion when Volatility is Uncertain

Managing Delta, Gamma, & Vega

Static Options Replication

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