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    Fiber Optics: By: Engr. Syed Asad Ali

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    Fiber optics use thin strands of glass called optical fibers to transmit light. An optical fiber contains a core surrounded by cladding material. Total internal reflection keeps light confined within the core as it travels along the fiber. Fiber optics have advantages over metallic cables like lower attenuation, higher bandwidth, and less signal degradation over long distances. However, they are more fragile and require specialized skills for splicing. Fiber types include single mode and multi-mode, while signal loss is caused by attenuation, absorption, scattering, bending, and dispersion.

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    Fiber Optics: By: Engr. Syed Asad Ali

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    syedasad114
    209 views20 pages
    Fiber optics use thin strands of glass called optical fibers to transmit light. An optical fiber contains a core surrounded by cladding material. Total internal reflection keeps light confined within the core as it travels along the fiber. Fiber optics have advantages over metallic cables like lower attenuation, higher bandwidth, and less signal degradation over long distances. However, they are more fragile and require specialized skills for splicing. Fiber types include single mode and multi-mode, while signal loss is caused by attenuation, absorption, scattering, bending, and dispersion.

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    Lecture presentation on Fiber Optics

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    [Fiber Optics] Lecture

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    Fiber optics use thin strands of glass called optical fibers to transmit light. An optical fiber contains a core surrounded by cladding material. Total internal reflection keeps light confined within the core as it travels along the fiber. Fiber optics have advantages over metallic cables like lower attenuation, higher bandwidth, and less signal degradation over long distances. However, they are more fragile and require specialized skills for splicing. Fiber types include single mode and multi-mode, while signal loss is caused by attenuation, absorption, scattering, bending, and dispersion.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    209 views20 pages

    Fiber Optics: By: Engr. Syed Asad Ali

    Uploaded by

    syedasad114
    Fiber optics use thin strands of glass called optical fibers to transmit light. An optical fiber contains a core surrounded by cladding material. Total internal reflection keeps light confined within the core as it travels along the fiber. Fiber optics have advantages over metallic cables like lower attenuation, higher bandwidth, and less signal degradation over long distances. However, they are more fragile and require specialized skills for splicing. Fiber types include single mode and multi-mode, while signal loss is caused by attenuation, absorption, scattering, bending, and dispersion.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that optical fibers transmit light and are made of glass or plastic. They have a core, cladding and buffer coating and transmit light via total internal reflection.

    The main components of an optical fiber are the core, cladding and buffer coating. The core guides the light, the cladding reflects the light back into the core, and the buffer coating protects the fiber.

    Some advantages of using optical fibers are that they have low attenuation over long distances, high bandwidth, are upgradable, and are cheaper than metallic cables.

    1

    Fiber Optics
    By: Engr. Syed Asad Ali
    B.E & M.E (Telecom) MUET

    What is Fiber Optics


    Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass - about the diameter of a human hair. Arranged in bundles called optical cables. Single optical fiber has the following parts: 1. Core (n1) 2. Cladding (n2)-

    Is a Central cylindrical rod of dielectric material. Light propagates mainly along the core of the fiber. Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core. The index of refraction of the cladding material is less than that of the core material (n2 < n1). Its main job is to confine the light within the Core For extra protection, the cladding is enclosed in an additional layer called the coating or buffer. It is a layer of material used to protect an optical fiber from physical damage and moisture.

    3. Buffer coating

    Refractive Index (n): The ratio of velocity of light in air c to the ratio of velocity of light in any medium v.

    c v

    Advantages
    Lowest attenuation Attenuation in the optical fiber is much smaller than electrical attenuation in any cable at useful modulation frequencies. at 1.3 m and 1.55 m bands Much greater distances are possible without repeaters Highest Bandwidth Broadband high-speed More Freedom Upgradability: Optical communication system can be upgraded to higher bandwidth, more wavelengths by replacing only the transmitters and receivers

    Low Cost Cheaper as compare to metallic cables!!


    Other Less signal degradation, Low power, Lightweight, Flexible, Security

    Disadvantages
    Fragility
    Optical fibers are more fragile than electrical wires.

    Affected by chemicals
    The glass can be affected by various chemicals including hydrogen gas (a problem in underwater cables.)

    Requires special skills


    Optical fibers cannot be joined together as a easily as copper cable and requires additional training of personnel and expensive precision splicing and measurement equipment.

    Transmission of Light through Optical Fibers


    The transmission of light along optical fibers depends not only on the nature of light, but also on the structure of the optical fiber. Two theories are used to describe how light is transmitted along the optical fiber.
    Ray theory
    Uses the concepts of light reflection and refraction and treat light as a simple ray. The advantage of the ray approach is that you get a clearer picture of the propagation of light along a fiber. The ray theory is used to approximate the light acceptance and guiding properties of optical fibers.

    Mode theory
    Treats light as electromagnetic waves. The mode theory describes the behavior of light within an optical fiber. The mode theory is useful in describing the optical fiber properties of absorption, attenuation, and dispersion.

    Ray theory
    Two types of rays can propagate along an optical fiber
    Meridional rays Skew rays.

    Meridional rays
    Pass through the axis of the optical fiber.

    Skew rays
    are rays that travel through an optical fiber without passing through its axis.

    Total Internal Reflection


    The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core (hallway) by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called Total Internal Reflection.

    Explanation
    When light is incident upon a medium of lesser index of refraction, the ray is bent away from the normal (Refraction)
    so the exit angle is greater than the incident angle

    When exit angle will then approach 90, incident angle is called critical angle c incident angles greater than the critical angle there will be total internal reflection.

    Types of Optical Fiber


    1. Single mode Single mode step index
    A small-core optical fiber through which only one mode will propagate. Fiber that has a uniform index of refraction throughout the core that is a step below the index of refraction in the cladding. The typical diameter is about 8 to 9 microns.

    2. Multi mode Multimode step index Multimode graded index

    Multi-mode Fiber
    Multimode (MM) Fiber:
    An optical fiber that has a core large enough to propagate more than one mode of light. The typical diameter is about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5 microns. Multimode Step-Index Fiber:
    Fiber that has a uniform index of refraction throughout the core that is a step below the index of refraction in the cladding and allows more than one mode of light. A multimode graded-index fiber has a core of radius (a). Unlike step-index fibers, the value of the refractive index of the core (n1) varies according to the radial distance (r). The value of n1 decreases as the distance (r) from the center of the fiber increases.

    Multimode Graded-Index Fiber:

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    Types of Fibers (Illustration)

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    Signal Loss in Optical Fibers


    Signal Loss in Optical Fiber
    Attenuation Dispersion
    Intra modal dispersion Intermodal dispersion

    Absorption

    Scattering

    Bending

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    Attenuation
    Attenuation is the loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber. Signal attenuation is defined as the ratio of optical input power (Pi) to the optical output power (Po). The total attenuation (A), normally expressed in the logarithmic unit of the decibel as:
    P A 10 log x dB Py

    Px 10dB / 10 Py

    In optical fiber communications the attenuation is usually expressed in decibels per unit length (i.e., the attenuation coefficient () or attenuation rate), following:

    A dB / km L

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    Absorption
    Absorption is defined as the portion of attenuation resulting
    from the conversion of optical power into another energy form, such as heat.
    absorption occurs when a light particle (photon) interacts with an electron and excites it to a higher energy level. The main culprits are: the transition metal ions and the OH ions present in the glass.

    Intrinsic absorption

    Caused by basic fiber-material properties when an optical fiber were absolutely pure, with no imperfections or impurities.
    Extrinsic absorption

    Caused by impurities (such as iron, nickel, and chromium) introduced into the fiber material during fabrication.

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    Scattering losses
    During manufacturing, regions of higher and lower molecular density areas, relative to the average density of the fiber, are created. Light traveling through the fiber interacts with the density areas and as a consequence it is then partially scattered in all directions.

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    Types Of Scattering Losses


    Linear scattering
    Cause the transfer of some or all of the optical power contained within one propagating mode to be transferred linearly (proportionally to the mode power) into a different mode.
    Rayleigh (size of fiber defect) (/10) ) Mie scattering.(size of Fiber defect (/10))

    Non-linear scattering
    Causes the optical power from one mode to be transferred in either the forward or backward direction to the same, or other modes, at a different frequency.
    Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Raman scattering,

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    Bending Losses
    Optical fibers suffer radiation losses at bends or curves on their paths. Bending the fiber also causes attenuation. Bending loss is classified according to the bend radius of curvature: Micro bends are small microscopic bends of the fiber axis that occur mainly when a fiber is cabled. Macro bends are bends having a large radius of curvature relative to the fiber diameter. During installation, if fibers are bent too sharply, macro bend losses will occur.

    17

    Dispersion
    In optics, dispersion is a phenomenon that causes the separation of a wave into components with different frequency. E.g. Rainbow (White light separated into its different wavelengths) Dispersion in digital OFC systems cause broadening of transmitted pulses as they travel along the channel. There are several types of dispersion. Modal Dispersion Material Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion

    18

    Pulse broadening

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    Fiber Optic Cable Splicing


    Two optical fiber splicing methods are available for joining of two optical fibers.
    Fusion splicing Insertion loss < 0.1dB
    Provides lowest-loss connection. Special equipment called splicer is required.
    Precisely align the two fibers Generate a small electric arc to melt the fibers and weld them together

    Mechanical splicing Insertion loss < 0.5dB


    Mechanical splice are simple alignment device Design to hold the two fiber precisely thus enabling light to pass

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    Fusion Splicing(Zoom) Fusion Splicing

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