Sub:- Automation in manufacturing system Unit:- 8

By:-

s.s jahagirdar

Vtu no:-4vz11mia014

Networking Devices
Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is referred to as a device. These devices are broken up into two classifications. end-user devices network devices End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and other devices that provide services directly to the user. Network devices include all the devices that connect the enduser devices together to allow them to communicate.
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Networking Device Icons

Introduction to Routers
A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very specific functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software applications, routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS) to run configuration files. These configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many parts of a router are shown below:

Bridge
Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as perform basic data transmission management. Bridges, as the name implies, provide connections between LANs. Not only do bridges connect LANs, but they also perform a check on the data to determine whether it should cross the bridge or not. This makes each part of the network more efficient.

Hub
Hubs concentrate connections. In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow the network to see them as a single unit. This is done passively, without any other effect on the data transmission. Active hubs not only concentrate hosts, but they also regenerate signals.
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The Cloud
The cloud is used in diagrams to represent where the connection to the internet is. It also represents all of the devices on the internet.

Router
Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, manage data transfers. They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are separated by great distances.

The OSI Reference Model

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

The OSI Model will be used throughout your entire networking career!

Memorize it!

Layer 7 - The Application Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

This layer deal with networking applications. Examples: Email Web browsers PDU - User Data

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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

7 Application This layer is responsible for presenting the data in the required format which may include: Encryption Compression PDU - Formatted Data

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

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Layer 5 - The Session Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.

Example: Client Software ( Used for logging in)

PDU - Formatted Data

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Layer 4 - The Transport Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

This layer breaks up the data from the sending host and then reassembles it in the receiver.

It also is used to insure reliable data transport across the network.

PDU - Segments

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Layer 3 - The Network Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Sometimes referred to as the Cisco Layer. Makes Best Path Determination decisions based on logical addresses (usually IP addresses).

PDU - Packets

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Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. Makes decisions based on physical addresses (usually MAC addresses).

PDU - Frames

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Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

This is the physical media through which the data, represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source host to the destination host. Examples: CAT5 (what we have) Coaxial (like cable TV) Fiber optic

PDU - Bits

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OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Source Host

After riding your new bicycle a few times in Banglore, you (vinod) decide that you want to give it to a friend who lives in Delhi.
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OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Source Host

Make sure you have the proper directions to disassemble and reassemble the bicycle.
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OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Source Host

Call your friend and make sure you have his correct address.
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OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Source Host

Disassemble the bicycle and put different pieces in different boxes. The boxes are labeled 1 of 3, 2 of 3, and 3 of 3.
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OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Source Host

Put your friend's complete mailing address (and yours) on each box.Since the packages are too big for your mailbox (and since you dont have enough stamps) you determine that you need to go to the post office.
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OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer Source Host

Banglore post office takes possession of the boxes.

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OSI Model Analogy Physical Layer - Media

The boxes are flown from Banglore to Delhi.

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OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer - Destination

Delhi post office receives your boxes.

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OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Destination

Upon examining the destination address, Delhi post office determines that your boxes should be delivered to your written home address.
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OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Destination

Your(rajni) friend calls you(vinod) and tells you he got all 3 boxes and he is having another friend named Naga reassemble the bicycle.
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OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Destination

Your friend hangs up because he is done talking to you.

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OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Destination

Naga is finished and presents the bicycle to your friend. Another way to say it is that your friend is finally getting him present.
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OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Destination

Your friend (rajni) enjoys riding his new bicycle in Delhi.

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Advanced IP Routing Protocols

Surinder Laka

Contents

Routing Static Routing Vs Dynamic Routing

IGP,EGP
Distance Vector ,Link state Link State- OSPF EGP- BGP

What is Routing..
Building maps and giving directions Handling the Path determination Procedure for passing reachability information

Static Vs Dynamic Routing

Static Routing
- Routes configured manually

-Useful when few or just one route exists - Can be administrative burden -Frequently used for default route - Bandwidth is conserved

Static Vs Dynamic Routing

Dynamic Routing

-Routes Configured automatically

- Uses some algorithm

-Capability to compensate for topology changes

-Useful when large no of Routes exist - Less overhead if topology changes

IGP Vs. EGP

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Mostly used within the Autonomous system Automatic discovery Generally trust your IGP routers Routes go to all IGP routers E.g -Distance vector ,Link state

IGP Vs EGP

Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol

Specifically configured peers Connecting with outside networks (different autonomous system) Set administrative boundaries E.g- BGP

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

Dynamic routing protocol

Link state or SPF technology

Fast convergence Variable-length subnet masks Discontiguous subnets No periodic updates Route authentication Delivered two years after IGRP

Developed by OSPF working group of IETF (RFC 1253)

Intra-autonomous system (IGP) Designed expressly for TCP/IP Internet environment

When to Use OSPF

Large hierarchical networks Complex networks, except

Topology restrictive Additional network design

VLSM Fast convergence Multivendor

Interfaces
Interfaces have the following characteristics and functions:

Connect router to network for frame entry and exit Can be on the motherboard or on a separate module

Types of interfaces: Ethernet Fast Ethernet Serial Token ring ISDN BRI Loopback Console Aux
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Categories of Routing Protocols

Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two categories:

distance vector link-state

The distance vector routing approach determines the direction (vector) and distance to any link in the internetwork. The link-state approach, also called shortest path first, recreates the exact topology of the entire internetwork.
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Link State Routing

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Comparing Routing Methods

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RIP Characteristics

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IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco. Some of the IGRP key design characteristics emphasize the following:

It is a distance vector routing protocol.

Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds. Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to create a composite metric.

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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Protocol

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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OSPF is a Link-State Routing Protocols

Link-state (LS) routers recognize much more information
about the network than their distance-vector counterparts,Consequently LS routers tend to make more accurate decisions.

Link-state routers keep track of the following:

Their neighbours All routers within the same area Best paths toward a destination

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OSPF vs. RIP

RIP is limited to 15 hops, it converges slowly, and it sometimes chooses slow routes because it ignores critical factors such as bandwidth in route determination. OSPF overcomes these limitations and proves to be a robust and scalable routing protocol suitable for the networks of today.

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Comparing EIGRP with IGRP

IGRP and EIGRP are compatible with each other. EIGRP offers multiprotocol support, but IGRP does not. EIGRP and IGRP use different metric calculations. EIGRP scales the metric of IGRP by a factor of 256.

IGRP has a maximum hop count of 255.

EIGRP has a maximum hop count limit of 224.

Enabling dissimilar routing protocols such as OSPF and RIP to share information requires advanced configuration. Redistribution, the sharing of routes, is automatic between IGRP and EIGRP as long as both processes use the same autonomous system (AS) number. 48

EIGRP Concepts & Terminology

EIGRP routers keep route and topology information readily available in RAM, so they can react quickly to changes. Like OSPF, EIGRP saves this information in several tables and databases.

EIGRP saves routes that are learned in specific ways.

Routes are given a particular status and can be tagged to provide additional useful information. EIGRP maintains three tables: Neighbor table Topology table Routing table

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Thank

you