Cancer

TOPIC CANCER
SUBMITTED TO:Mrs. SHUSHI UPPADHAY (FN)2NDsam

Roll No: 122273
SUBMITTED BY:ANUPMA PARLE Class: M.Sc.
INTRODUCTION
The word cancer comes from the Latin for carb. It refers to any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Body cells, we know are the basic unites of life. Each of us has trillion of them .Our cell help us to carry out all function of heart of life from the beating of the heart to the throwing of a football. Cancer are new growths of cells in our bodies . Through expression of these properties , it can cause destruction of major organ and in some cases life threatening disturbances in body function
CAUSED
Cancer is caused by mutation or abnormal activation of cellular genes that control cell growth and cell mitosis. The abnormal genes are called oncogenes. It is now recognized that there exist regulatory genes known as tumour suppressor genes whose normal function is to prevent malignant transformation the latter might triggered by exposure to a corcinogen by a spontaneous mutation.
DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
The cancer development is a process involving initiation, and progression as highlighted 1.Initiotion Exposure to corcinogen Entry in to the cell Alters cellular 2.Promotion Cancer development on increase Uncontrolled multiplication cell 3.Progression .formation of tumor .malignancy increases and other tissue and organs are invaded called metastasis.
ETIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS IN CANAER

Cancer risks are climbing due to increasingly sedentary lifestyles and diets that are high in fat and sugar but low in fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grain. In developing nations, the risk in mounting due to rapid growth of the unban poor of tradition move from rural areas into vast cities There are several factor contribution to this loss of cell control. They are genetic factor, environment factor , dietary factor carcinogenes, radiation , oncogenies viruses , and others including stress factor . Let us learn more about these etiological risk factor in cancer.
GENETIC FACTORTS
Some cancer are programmed by genes to develop. Gene mutations result from one or more regulatory genes in the cell nucleus be an inherited one but environment factor also contribute toits expression. Person with a family history of cancer have a greater risk of developing cancers than a person without such a genetic pre-disposing factor.
CARCINOGENIC: DIETARY FACTOR

The incidence of cancers, especially stomach cancer in high in parts of the world where people eat a lot of heavily smoked, pickled or salt-cured foods that produce carcinogenic nitrosamines. Alcohol has also been associated with a high incidence of some cancers, especially cancer of the mouth and throat. Beverages such as beer and scotch may contain damaging nitrosamines, as well as, alcohol. Other beverages such as wine and brandy may contain the carcinogen urethane, which is produced during fermentation. Some epidemiological studies suggest that risk for cancer increased with high protein intake.
CARCINOGENIC: NON-DIETARY FACTOR

A large number of agents cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation cells. They fall into the following categories. Oncogenic viruses Chemical carcinogens Radiant energy (1)Oncogenic viruses: certain viruses that interfere with the function of the regulatory genes have been identified. These viruses are called oncogenic viruses. DNA viruses: the three DNA viruses found to cause human cancers are EBV, HBV and HPV.
RNA viruses: all oncogenic RNA viruses are retroviruses. They are 2 types. They are acute transforming retroviruses and slow transforming retroviruses. (2)Chemical carcinogens: Chemical carcinogens can be classified into 2 general categories based on the ability of compound to bind to DNA compound that bind to DNA are genotoxic. some of the major chemical carcinogens are alkylating agenta, acylating agents and aromatic amines. (3)Radiant energy: Radiation energy whether in the form of the ultraviolet rays of sunlight or as ionizing electromagnetic and particulate radiation can transform all cell type in vitro and induce neoplasm in vivo in both human and experimental animals.
STRESS FACTOR
Specific studies need to be carried out in this area to confirm the association between stress factor and cancer. We sum up our discussion on risk factor by highlighting the factor that cause cancer and other that reduce the risk of cancer
TYPE OF CANCER
Mouth and pharynx Nasopharynx Larynx Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Gall bladder Liver Colon and rectum Lung Breast Ovary Prostrate kidney
DIETARY MANAGEMENT
1. 2. 3. Oral diet amplified with nutrient supplement for increased protein, kilocalories vitamins and minerals Enteral tube feeding with several routes of entry Parental nutrition through central and peripheral
NUTRIENT SUPPLENENTS
Nutrient supplements are available in a variety of flavor and may be used in different ways to enhance nutrient density Lifestyle modification to prevent cancer 1. Maintain a healthy body weight 2. Reduce fat intake 3. Eat plenty of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. 4. Get regular exercise 5. Limit exposure to the sun 6. Avoid smoking
ROLE OF FOOD IN THE PREVENTION OF CANCER

Nutrient as cancer preventing agents Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that high intakes of food rich vitamin E or C decrease the risk of some cancers
SOURCES OF NUTRIENT ANTIOXIDANT

Beta-carotene: green leafy vegetables, ripe yellow
fruits and vegetables like papaya, musk melon, mango, pumpkin, carrots
Vitamin C: citrus fruits orange , lemon, sweet lime, guava, goose berry sprouted pulses. Vitamin E: cereals, cereals products, oil seeds, nuts Selenium zinc: meats, sea food and cereals Copper: oysters, liver , mushroom, nuts, chocolate Iron: meat, liver, green leafy vegetables ,cereals millets ,pules.
Ways to increase fruits and vegetables in the diet

Trying a new fruits or vegetables each week Doubling the normal serving size for vegetables Eating fruit with curd Making recipes where vegetables are incorporated in cereal and pules Consuming all vegetables based meals on a regular basis Eating fruit as a snack Adding vegetables to favorite recipes
THANK YOU

Cancer

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TOPIC CANCER

SUBMITTED TO:Mrs. SHUSHI UPPADHAY (FN)2NDsam

SUBMITTED BY:ANUPMA PARLE Class: M.Sc.

ETIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS IN CANAER

CARCINOGENIC: DIETARY FACTOR

CARCINOGENIC: NON-DIETARY FACTOR

ROLE OF FOOD IN THE PREVENTION OF CANCER

SOURCES OF NUTRIENT ANTIOXIDANT

Ways to increase fruits and vegetables in the diet

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