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Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses key concepts in data transmission including transmission terminology, frequency domain concepts, analog and digital signals, and transmission impairments. It defines common transmission configurations like point-to-point and multi-point. It also covers the differences between analog and digital signals, and how various transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise can impact signal quality during transmission. The document concludes by discussing concepts like channel capacity, Nyquist bandwidth, and Shannon's capacity formula.

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Mohammad Gulam Ahamad
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57 views33 pages

Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses key concepts in data transmission including transmission terminology, frequency domain concepts, analog and digital signals, and transmission impairments. It defines common transmission configurations like point-to-point and multi-point. It also covers the differences between analog and digital signals, and how various transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise can impact signal quality during transmission. The document concludes by discussing concepts like channel capacity, Nyquist bandwidth, and Shannon's capacity formula.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Gulam Ahamad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer Communications

Chapter 3 Data Transmission


Dr. Mohammed Gulam Ahamad Salman Bin Abdulaziz University

Data Transmission
Toto, I've got a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore. Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz

Transmission Terminology
data transmission occurs between a transmitter & receiver via some medium guided medium
eg. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber

unguided / wireless medium


eg. air, water, vacuum

Transmission Terminology
direct link
no intermediate devices

point-to-point
direct link only 2 devices share link

multi-point
more than two devices share the link

Transmission Terminology
simplex
one direction
eg. television

half duplex
either direction, but only one way at a time
eg. police radio

full duplex
both directions at the same time
eg. telephone

Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth


time domain concepts
analog signal
various in a smooth way over time

digital signal
maintains a constant level then changes to another constant level

periodic signal
pattern repeated over time

aperiodic signal
pattern not repeated over time

Analogue & Digital Signals

Periodic Signals

Sine Wave
peak amplitude (A)
maximum strength of signal volts

frequency (f)
rate of change of signal Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second period = time for one repetition (T) T = 1/f

phase ()
relative position in time

Varying Sine Waves


s(t) = A sin(2ft +)

Wavelength ()
is distance occupied by one cycle between two points of corresponding phase in two consecutive cycles assuming signal velocity v have = vT or equivalently f = v especially when v=c
c = 3*108 ms-1 (speed of light in free space)

Frequency Domain Concepts


signal are made up of many frequencies components are sine waves Fourier analysis can shown that any signal is made up of component sine waves can plot frequency domain functions

Addition of Frequency Components (T=1/f)


c is sum of f & 3f

Frequency Domain Representations


freq domain func of Fig 3.4c freq domain func of single square pulse

Spectrum & Bandwidth


spectrum
range of frequencies contained in signal

absolute bandwidth
width of spectrum

effective bandwidth often just bandwidth


narrow band of frequencies containing most energy

DC Component
component of zero frequency

Data Rate and Bandwidth


any transmission system has a limited band of frequencies this limits the data rate that can be carried square have infinite components and hence bandwidth but most energy in first few components limited bandwidth increases distortion have a direct relationship between data rate & bandwidth

Analog and Digital Data Transmission


data
entities that convey meaning

signals & signalling


electric or electromagnetic representations of data, physically propagates along medium

transmission
communication of data by propagation and processing of signals

Acoustic Spectrum (Analog)

Audio Signals
freq range 20Hz-20kHz (speech 100Hz-7kHz) easily converted into electromagnetic signals varying volume converted to varying voltage can limit frequency range for voice channel to 3003400Hz

Video Signals
USA - 483 lines per frame, at frames per sec
have 525 lines but 42 lost during vertical retrace

525 lines x 30 scans = 15750 lines per sec


63.5s per line 11s for retrace, so 52.5 s per video line

max frequency if line alternates black and white horizontal resolution is about 450 lines giving 225 cycles of wave in 52.5 s max frequency of 4.2MHz

Digital Data
as generated by computers etc. has two dc components bandwidth depends on data rate

Analog Signals

Digital Signals

Advantages & Disadvantages of Digital Signals


cheaper less susceptible to noise but greater attenuation digital now preferred choice

Transmission Impairments
signal received may differ from signal transmitted causing:
analog - degradation of signal quality digital - bit errors

most significant impairments are


attenuation and attenuation distortion delay distortion noise

Attenuation
where signal strength falls off with distance depends on medium received signal strength must be:
strong enough to be detected sufficiently higher than noise to receive without error

so increase strength using amplifiers/repeaters is also an increasing function of frequency so equalize attenuation across band of frequencies used
eg. using loading coils or amplifiers

Delay Distortion
only occurs in guided media propagation velocity varies with frequency hence various frequency components arrive at different times particularly critical for digital data since parts of one bit spill over into others causing intersymbol interference

Noise
additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver thermal
due to thermal agitation of electrons uniformly distributed white noise

intermodulation
signals that are the sum and difference of original frequencies sharing a medium

Noise
crosstalk
a signal from one line is picked up by another

impulse
irregular pulses or spikes
eg. external electromagnetic interference

short duration high amplitude a minor annoyance for analog signals but a major source of error in digital data
a noise spike could corrupt many bits

Channel Capacity
max possible data rate on comms channel is a function of
data rate - in bits per second bandwidth - in cycles per second or Hertz noise - on comms link error rate - of corrupted bits

limitations due to physical properties want most efficient use of capacity

Nyquist Bandwidth
consider noise free channels if rate of signal transmission is 2B then can carry signal with frequencies no greater than B
ie. given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B

for binary signals, 2B bps needs bandwidth B Hz can increase rate by using M signal levels Nyquist Formula is: C = 2B log2M so increase rate by increasing signals
at cost of receiver complexity limited by noise & other impairments

Shannon Capacity Formula


consider relation of data rate, noise & error rate
faster data rate shortens each bit so bursts of noise affects more bits given noise level, higher rates means higher errors

Shannon developed formula relating these to signal to noise ratio (in decibels) SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise) Capacity C=B log2(1+SNR)
theoretical maximum capacity get lower in practise

Summary
looked at data transmission issues frequency, spectrum & bandwidth analog vs digital signals transmission impairments

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