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Lesson 6 Nodal Analysis

The document discusses nodal analysis for solving circuit problems. It introduces the key concepts of nodal analysis: 1) Designating one node as the reference node and assigning unique names to the remaining nodes. 2) Writing Kirchhoff's current law equations for each node in terms of the node voltages. 3) Solving the system of equations to determine the node voltages. Several example circuits are worked through to demonstrate how to set up and solve the system of nodal analysis equations. Special cases like dependent sources and super nodes are also discussed.

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346 views22 pages

Lesson 6 Nodal Analysis

The document discusses nodal analysis for solving circuit problems. It introduces the key concepts of nodal analysis: 1) Designating one node as the reference node and assigning unique names to the remaining nodes. 2) Writing Kirchhoff's current law equations for each node in terms of the node voltages. 3) Solving the system of equations to determine the node voltages. Several example circuits are worked through to demonstrate how to set up and solve the system of nodal analysis equations. Special cases like dependent sources and super nodes are also discussed.

Uploaded by

junaidalighouri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Laws of Electric Circuits

Nodal Analysis

Lesson 6

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: The Concept. Every circuit has n nodes with one of the nodes being designated as a reference node. We designate the remaining n 1 nodes as voltage nodes and give each node a unique name, vi. At each node we write Kirchhoffs current law in terms of the node voltages.

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: The Concept. We form n-1 linear equations at the n-1 nodes in terms of the node voltages. We solve the n-1 equations for the n-1 node voltages. From the node voltages we can calculate any branch current or any voltage across any element.
2

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Concept Illustration:
v

v
2 R
2

1 R

r e f e r e n

c e

Figure 6.1: Partial circuit used to illustrate nodal analysis.

V1 V2 R2
3

V1 R1

V1 R3

V1 V3 R4

=I

Eq 6.1

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Concept Illustration: Clearing the previous equation gives,
1 1 1 1 1 1 + V1 V2 V3 = I + + R R R R R R 2 3 4 2 4 1

Eq 6.2

We would need two additional equations, from the remaining circuit, in order to solve for V1, V2, and V3
4

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1 Given the following circuit. Set-up the equations to solve for V1 and V2. Also solve for the voltage V6.
R
2

v1

v2

I1

v6 _

Figure 6.2: Circuit for Example 6.1.


5

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1, the nodal equations.
R
2

v1

v2

I1

v6 _

R1 + R2 V2 V1
6

V1

V1 V2 R3 V2 R4 +

= I1

Eq 6.3

R3

R5 + R6

V2

=0

Eq 6.4

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1: Set up for solution.
R1 + R2 V2 V1 R3 V1 + V1 V2 R3 V2 R4 + = I1

Eq 6.3

R5 + R6

V2

=0

Eq 6.4

1 1 1 V1 V2 = I 1 R +R + R R 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 V1 + + + R R R R + R V2 = 0 3 3 4 5 6

Eq 6.5 Eq 6.6

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.2, using circuit values.
2 v1 1 0 5 A v2

Figure 6.3: Circuit for Example 6.2.


0 4 A

Find V1 and V2.

At v1:

V1 10

V1 V2 5
+ V2 20

=2
= 6

Eq 6.7 Eq 6.8

At v2:
8

V2 V1 5

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.2: Clearing Equations;
From Eq 6.7: V1 + 2V1 2V2 = 20 or 3V1 2V2 = 20 From Eq 6.8: 4V2 4V1 + V2 = -120 or -4V1 + 5V2 = -120 Eq 6.10 Eq 6.9

Solution: V1 = -20 V,
9

V2 = -40 V

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.3: With voltage source.
I
R
1

v1 R
3

v2

+
_

Figure 6.4: Circuit for Example 6.3.

At V1:
V1 E V1 V1 V2 + + =I R1 R2 R3

Eq 6.11

At V2:
10

V2

V2 V 1 =I + R R 4 3

Eq 6.12

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.3: Continued. Collecting terms in Equations (6.11) and (6.12) gives
1 1 1 1 E V1 V2 = I + + + R R R1 1 R2 R 3 3
Eq 6.13

1 1 1 R V1 + R + R V2 = I 4 2 3

Eq 6.14

11

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Numerical example with voltage source.
v2 4 1
+ _

v1

Figure 6.5: Circuit for Example 6.4.

What do we do first?
12

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Continued
v2 4 1
+ _

v1

At v1:

V1 V1 + 10 V2 + = 5 10 4
At v2:

Eq 6.15

V2 V2 10 V1 + =0 6 4
13

Eq 6.16

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Continued
Clearing Eq 6.15

4V1 + 10V1 + 100 10V2 = -200 or 14V1 10V2 = -300


Clearing Eq 6.16

Eq 6.17

4V2 + 6V2 60 6V1 = 0 or -6V1 + 10V2 = 60


14

Eq 6.18

V1 = -30 V, V2 = -12 V, I1 = -2 A

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.5: Voltage super node.
Given the following circuit. Solve for the indicated nodal voltages.
2

x
2 _ 1 + 0 V

super node
v
3

5 6 A

x x

x
1 0

Figure 6.6: Circuit for Example 6.5. When a voltage source appears between two nodes, an easy way to handle this is to form a super node. The super node encircles the voltage source and the tips of the branches connected to the nodes.

15

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.5: Continued.
2
v1 v2 _ 1 + 0 V v3

Constraint Equation
0

5 6 A 4

V2 V3 = -10

Eq 6.19

At V1

V1 V2 V1 V3 + =6 5 2
V2 V1 V2 V3 V3 V1 + + + =0 5 4 10 2

Eq 6.20

At super node
16

Eq 6.21

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.5: Continued.
Clearing Eq 6.19, 6.20, and 6.21:

7V1 2V2 5V3 = 60 -14V1 + 9V2 + 12V3 = 0 V2 V3 = -10 Solving gives:

Eq 6.22 Eq 6.23 Eq 6.24

V1 = 30 V, V2 = 14.29 V, V3 = 24.29 V
17

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.6: With Dependent Sources.
Consider the circuit below. We desire to solve for the node voltages 2 V1 and V2.
_

v1
1 1 0
+ V _

2 5 A

v2
4 5
xV

Figure 6.7: Circuit for Example 6.6.

In this case we have a dependent source, 5Vx, that must be reckoned with. Actually, there is a constraint equation of

V2 V x V1 = 0

Eq 6.25

18

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.6: With Dependent Sources.
2
_

v1
1 1 0
+ V _

2 5 A

v2
4 5
xV

At node V1

V1 10 V1 V1 V2 + + =2 10 5 2

At node V2

V2 V1 V2 5V x + = 2 2 4

19

The constraint equation:

V x = V1 V2

Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.6: With Dependent Sources.
Clearing the previous equations and substituting the constraint VX = V1 - V2 gives,

8V1 5V2 = 30 7V1 + 8V2 = 8


which yields,

Eq 6.26

Eq 6.27

V1 = 6.9V ,
20

V2 = 5.03V

circuits

End of Lesson 6
Nodal Analysis

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