touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. can sense the presence of finger or stylus on the screen.
It
Its
a input device that allows user to interact with the system.
TOUCH SCREEN
A Touch Screen has 2 main attributes:
It
enables user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad. using touch screen technology, the user is able to manipulate a digital environment by only the touch of their finger.
By
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Dr
Samuel Hurst is known to be the Father of touch screen technology. 1971, he invented first touch screen based on resistive technology and that device was called Elo-graph which was used for research and industrial applications. 1982, hp invented first touch Screen computer which had infrared touch screen capability allowing use of it in ATM like applications.
In
1n
CONT Multitouch
technology also began in 1982, this system used a frostedglass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. 1985, came a multitouch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camerabased sensing systems. 2007, Microsoft released its Microsoft Surface and Apple unveiled the iPhone.
In
In
FIRST TOUCH PHONE
Apple was the first with a touch screen phone in 1983.
FIRST TOUCH MOBILE
The Nokia 7710 is first touch screen mobile phone model produced by Nokia. It is Nokia's first smart phone to run GUI a top the Symbian OS.
TOUCH SCREEN MOBILES
TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY
A
touch screen is an input device that allows users to operate by simply touching the display screen. needs to be combined with a display or PC to form complete touch input system. touch screen is technology to accept direct onscreen input.
It
A basic touch screen has three main components:
Touch Sensor Controller Software driver
TOUCH SENSOR A
touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that it covers the viewable area of the video screen. sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen can cause a voltage or signal change. change in the signal is used to determine the location of the touch in the screen.
The
The
This
CONTROLLER The
controller connects the touch sensor and the PC.
takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can understand. are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port or to a USB port.
It
Controllers
SOFTWARE DRIVER The
driver allows the touch screen and computer to work together.
tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. touch screen drivers today are a mouseemulation type driver. This makes touching the screen as same as clicking mouse at the same location on the screen.
It
Most
TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGIES
Various Technologies based on methods of sensing the touch Resistive
are two thin electrically conductive and resistive layers made with Indium Tin oxide(ITO), separated by a narrow gap an object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two metallic layers become connected at that point.
When
This
causes a change in the electrical current, which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing.
RESISTIVE TOUCH SCREEN
4-WIRE RESISTIVE TOUCH SCREEN
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Cost-effective solution Activated by any stylus Very accurate Low power requirements
Disadvantages Surface can be damaged by sharp objects Lower endurance (35 million touches)
CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
This touch screen makes use of change in capacitance for determination of location of touch.
There can be 2 types of capacitive touch screen depending upon their construction:
capacitive technology consists of a uniform conductive coating on one side of glass panel. around the panels edge evenly distribute a low voltage across the conductive layer, creating a uniform electric field. a conductor such as human finger touches the non-conducting side of panel a capacitor is dynamically formed.
Electrodes
When
SURFACE-CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
SURFACE-CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
The
touch to the screen with a finger, draws a slight amount of current, creating a voltage drop. current respectively drifts to the electrodes on the four corners.
The
SURFACE-CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
Theoretically,
the amount of current that drifts through the four electrodes should be proportional to the distance from the touch point to the four corners. controller precisely calculates the proportion of the current passed through the four electrodes and figures out the X/Y coordinate of a touch point.
The
PROJECTED-CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
Projected
capacitive touchscreens have front and back protective glass providing optical and strength enhancement. middle layer consists of conductive grid of micro-fine wires in form of matrix. given to these grid electrodes creates a uniform electrostatic field.
Its
Voltage
PROJECTED-CAPACITIVE TOUCH SCREEN
During
a touch, capacitance forms between the finger and the sensor grid. The embedded serial controller in the touch screen calculates touch location coordinates and transmits them to the computer for processing.
SURFACE VS. PROJECTED
Limited
resolution Single touch Operation with direct contact
High
resolution Multi touch Operation with indirect contact
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Scratch resistant, durable surface Very accurate and faster response High endurance (225 million touches) Superior optical clarity and brighter display
Disadvantages Does not work with gloved fingers or stylus Prone to false signals because of parasitic capacitive coupling
INFRARED TOUCH SCREENS
An infrared touch screen uses: An
array of infrared LED around the edges of the screen to create a grid of invisible infrared light. array of photo detector to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams.
An
INFRARED TOUCH SCREENS
When
a stylus, such as a finger, enters the grid, it obstructs the beams.
One
or more photo transistors from each axis detect the absence of light and transmit signals to the controller which calculates the x and y coordinates.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Very
high transmittance. Highest quality of underlying image. Very high durability and reliability. Can be activated with almost any device. Higher accuracy than other technologies.
Disadvantages It
is very sensitive and can be activated by stray touches. Parallax problems
SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE TECHNOLOGY
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch screen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed and this change in waves is used to find the location of touch.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages High optical clarity Durable glass construction Activated by a finger, gloved hand, or stylus
Disadvantages Solid contaminants create non-touch areas until removed Doesn't support drag or draw effectively
OPTICAL IMAGING TOUCH SCREEN
Optical
Touch Screen consists of two or more optical sensors placed around the corners of the screen.
OPTICAL IMAGING TOUCH SCREEN
Infrared backlights are placed in the sensor's field of view on the other sides of the screen to project a uniform field of infrared light. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of optical sensors can locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object.
FEATURES OF OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
This technology comes as two, three or four camera solutions, providing dual and multi-touch functionality. Optical sensors used to detect the touch point, so the touch registers just before the physical touch on the screen. This means that users can apply zero or light touch to the screen to initiate a response.
Optical imaging scales to very large displays (120 inches), making it possible to create genuinely collaborative, interactive conference and teaching settings.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Technique
scales to very large displays Functions with scratches and surface wear Touch activated by bare or gloved finger, stylus
Disadvantages Moving
liquids or solid contaminants may cause false touches or non-function surface until completely removed System thickness is typically 3.5 mm in addition to the thickness of the glass
TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON
Technology Transparency
Capacitive Very good >92% Good
SAW Very good >92% Good
Infrared Very good >92% Limited due to spacing of IR sensors Potential for False activation or dead zones From Surface Contaminants Any substrate
Resistive 75%~85%
Resolution
good
Surface Contaminants /durability
Resistant to moisture and other surface contaminants
Adversely affected by moisture or Surface contaminants Glass with ITO coating
Unaffected by Surface contaminants. Polyester top sheet is easily scratched Polyester top sheet, glass substrate with ITO coating up to 19" Can use any pointing device
Sensor substrate
Glass with ITO coating
Display size Touch method
8.4"-21" Human touch
10.4"-30" finger, gloved hand or soft tip
10.4"-60" Can use any pointing device
APPLICATIONS OF TOUCH SCREENS
Informational kiosks ATM and Banks Museum / tourism displays Industrial process controls Cell Phones and iPhones Home automation systems Gaming systems Computer access for the physically disabled
ADVANTAGES OF TOUCH TECHNOLOGY
Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices: A
touch screen is easy to use (as the user simply touches what he or she sees on the display). Save space as it acts as both input and output device. Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than buttons and thus are faster. Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.
DISADVANTAGES OF TOUCH TECHNOLOGY
Big screen leads to low battery life. Screens get very dirty with continuous touches. These devices require massive computing power which leads to slow devices. Touch screen means screen cant be read too well in direct sunlight as it is not 100% transparent. Touch screen devices usually have no additional keys and this means when an app crashes, without crashing the OS, you cant get to the main menu as the whole screen becomes unresponsive.
FUTURE OF TOUCH TECHNOLOGY
Further developments in touch screen technology includes what is considered as an interactive touch screen. Printing Polymer Transistors onto flexible plastic displays is under research. It could be used to develop bendier, slim, power saving, low cost touch screens. There is a estimation that the global market for touch screen mobiles will account for 80 per cent of all global mobile sales by 2013.
CLOSING THOUGHTS One definition of sustainability is the improvement of the quality of life by making life more enjoyable and less burdensome.
Touch screen technology fits within this definition very well. Touch screens are very user friendly, fast, accurate, flexible, easy & fun to operate. It has been widely accepted. And it can replace the mouse and key board completely in near future.
REFERENCES
Timothy Hoye and Joseph Kozak Touch Screens: A Pressing Technology Tenth Annual Freshman
Conference April. 2010
Nichols, Steven J. Vaughan New Interfaces at the Touch of a Fingertip IEEE Society August. 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen
