Linux Introduction

Presenter: Jolanta Soltis

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Overview
What is Unix/Linux? History of Linux Features Supported Under Linux The future of Linux

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Before Linux
In 80s, Microsofts DOS was the dominated OS for PC Apple MAC was better, but expensive UNIX was much better, but much, much more expensive. Only for minicomputer for commercial applications People was looking for a UNIX based system, which is cheaper and can run on PC Both DOS, MAC and UNIX were proprietary, i.e., the source code of their kernel is protected No modification is possible without paying high license fees I-TEACH
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Beginning of Linux
A famous professor Andrew Tanenbaum developed Minix, a simplified version of UNIX that runs on PC Minix is for class teaching only. No intention for commercial use In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki, developed the preliminary kernel of Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1 I-TEACH

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Linux Today

Linux has been used for many computing platforms

PC, PDA, Supercomputer,

Not only character user interface but graphical user interface is available Commercial vendors moved in Linux itself to provide freely distributed code. They make their money by compiling up various software and gathering them in a distributable format

Red Hat, Slack ware, etc

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Linux groups

http://www.linux.org/groups/

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Linux Distributions
http://www.linux.org/dist/list.html http://fedora.redhat.com/

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Linux Basic Commands

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Basic Linux Commands

File Handling Text Processing System Administration Process Management Archival Network File Systems Advanced Commands
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Sources to learn commands??

Primary man(manual) pages. man <command> shows all information about the command <command> help shows the available options for that command Secondary Books and Internet

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File Handling commands

mkdir make directories Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY... eg. mkdir prabhat ls list directory contents Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. ls, ls l,ls prabhat

cd changes directories Usage: cd [DIRECTORY] I- E A prabhat eg.T cd C H I-TEACH

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File Handling(contd...)
pwd - print name of current working directory Usage: pwd

vim Vi Improved, a programmers text editor Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]... eg. vim file1.txt

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File Handling(contd...)
cp copy files and directories Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt cp sample_copy.txt target_dir mv move (rename) files Usage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST eg. mv source.txt target_dir mv old.txt new.txt
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File Handling(contd...)
rm - remove files or directories Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE... eg. rm file1.txt , rm rf some_dir

find search for files in a directory hierarchy Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern] eg. find file1.txt, find name file1.txt
history prints recently used commands Usage: H I- T E A C history
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Pattern
A Pattern is an expression that describes a set of strings which is used to give a concise description of a set, without having to list all elements. eg. ab*cd matches anything that starts with ab and ends with cd etc. ls *.txt prints all text files
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Text Processing
cat concatenate files and print on the standard output Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt cat n file1.txt echo display a line of text Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ... eg. echo I love India echo $HOME
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Text Processing
grep- print lines matching a pattern Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]... eg. grep I apple sample.txt wc- print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files. Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. wc file1.txt wc L file1.txt

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Text Processing
cat concatenate files and print on the

standard output Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt cat n file1.txt
echo display a line of text Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ... eg. echo I love India I-echoC$HOME TEA H
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Text Processing
sort sort lines of text files

Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. sort file1.txt sort r file1.txt

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Linux File Permissions

3 types of file permissions read, write, execute 10 bit format from 'ls l command 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 file type owner group others eg. drwxrwrmeans owner has all three permissions, group has read and write, others have only read permission read permission 4, write 2, execute 1 eg. rwxrwr= 764 673 = rwrwxwx

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System Administration
chmod

change file access permissions Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE] eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh

chown change file owner and group Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE... eg. chown remo myfile.txt
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System Administration (contd...)

su

change user ID or become superuser Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN] eg. su remo, su passwd update a users authentication tokens(s) Usage: passwd [OPTION] eg. Passwd who show who is logged on Usage: who [OPTION] eg. who , who b , who q
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Process Management
ps report a snapshot of the current processes Usage: ps [OPTION] eg. ps, ps el

kill to kill a process(using signal mechanism) Usage: kill [OPTION] pid eg. kill 92275

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Archival
tar to archive a file Usage: tar [OPTION] DEST SOURCE eg. tar cvf/home/archive.tar /home/original tar xvf /home/archive.tar zip package and compress (archive) files Usage: zip [OPTION] DEST SOURSE eg. zip original.zip original unzip list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive Usage: unzip filename eg. unzip I-TEACH original.zip
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client (remote login program) ssh is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine Usage: ssh [options] [user]@hostname eg. ssh X [email protected] scp secure copy (remote file copy program) scp copies files between hosts on a network Usage: scp [options] [[user]@host1:file1] [[user]@host2:file2] I- T E A C H I-TEACH file1.txt eg. scp
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ssh SSH

File Systems
fdisk partition manipulator eg. sudo fdisk l mount mount a file system Usage: mount t type device dir eg. mount /dev/sda5 /media/target umount unmount file systems Usage: umount [OPTIONS] dir | device... eg. umount /media/target
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File Systems(contd...)
du estimate file space usage Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. du df report filesystem disk space usage Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. df quota display disk usage and limits Usage: quota[OPTION] eg. Quota-vz
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