Topic 8 Salts

8.1 Salts

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Examples Of Salts Used In Daily Life Salt exist naturally around us. We use salt in our food, things that we used and others.

Table NaCl

salt,

Marble, CaCO3

Baking powder or sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3

Calcium sulphate, CaSO4 is used as plaster to support broken bones

Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 is used as fertilisers in agriculture

Silver bromide, AgBr is used to make film and photography paper

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Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Contoh Garam Yang Digunakan Dalam Kehidupan Seharian Garam wujud secara semula jadi di sekeliling kita. Kita menggunakan garam di dalam makanan, barangan yang digunakan dan sebagainya.

Garam NaCl

biasa,

Marmar, CaCO3

Serbuk penaik atau natrium bikarbonat, NaHCO3

Kalsium sulfat, CaSO4 digunakan sebagai plaster untuk menyokong tulang patah

Ammonium fosfat, (NH4)3PO4 digunakan sebagai baja dalam pertanian

Argentum bromida, AgBr digunakan untuk membuat filem dan kertas fotografi

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
The Meaning Of Salt Salt is formed in neutralisation process. Salt consist of cation from base that combines with anion from acid. Cation from the base HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O

Anion from the acid

Thus, salt is defined as a compound produced when hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion, NH4+.
Zn2+ (NO - )2 3 K+
NO 3

H+ NO 3

Cu2+ (NO 3 )2

NH4+ NO 3

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Garam Garam terbentuk dalam proses peneutralan. Garam mengandungi kation daripada bes yang bergabung dengan anion daripada asid. Kation daripada bes HCl (ak) + NaOH (ak) NaCl (ak) + H2O Anion daripada asid Oleh itu, garam ditakrifkan sebagai sebatian yang terhasil apabila ion hidrogen H+ daripada asid digantikan oleh ion logam atau ion ammonium, NH4+.
Zn2+ (NO - )2 3 K+
NO 3

H+ NO 3

Cu2+ (NO 3 )2

NH4+ NO 3

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Soluble And Insoluble Salt Salts can be classified according to its solubility in water. Some are soluble in water and some are insoluble in water. Soluble Salts Insoluble

All nitrate salts

Nitrate salts

No nitrate salts are insoluble

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3

Carbonate salts

All other carbonate salts

All chloride salts except some chloride salt

Chloride salts

Silver chloride, AgCl Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2

All sulphate salts except some sulphate salts

Sulphate salts

Lead (II) sulphate, PbSO4 Calcium sulphate, CaSO4 Barium sulphate, BaSO4

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Garam Larut Dan Garam Tak Larut
Garam boleh dikelaskan mengikut keterlarutannya dalam air. Sesetengah garam larut dalam air dan sesetengah tidak larut. Larut Garam Tak Larut

Semua garam nitrat

Garam nitrat

Tiada garam nitrat yang tidak larut

Natrium karbonat, Na2CO3 Kalium karbonat, K2CO3 Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3

Garam karbonat

Semua garam karbonat yang lain

Semua garam klorida kecuali beberapa garam klorida

Garam klorida

Argentum klorida, AgCl Plumbum (II) klorida, PbCl2

Semua garam sulfat kecuali sesetengah garam sulfat

Garam sulfat

Plumbum (II) sulfat, PbSO4 Kalsium sulfat, CaSO4 Barium sulfat, BaSO4

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Preparation Of Soluble Salts

Method

Other salt

Sodium salts Potassium salts Ammonium salts

Method

Acid+ Metal Oxide Salt + Water Neutralisation

Acid+ Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas

Acid+ Alkali Salt + Water Acid+ Metal carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Soluble salts are not pure and contain impurities. They are purified through recrystallisation process.

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Penyediaan Garam Larut

Kaedah

Garam lain

Garam natrium Kaedah Garam kalium Garam ammonium

Asid+ Oksida logam Garam + Air Peneutralan

Asid+ Logam Garam + Gas hidrogen

Asid+ Alkali Garam + Air Asid+ Karbonat logam Garam + Air + Karbon dioksida

Garam larut tidak tulen dan mengandungi bendasing. Ia akan ditulenkan melalui proses penghabluran.

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Physical Characteristics Of Crystal

Crystal of sodium chloride

Crystal of potassium dichromate

Crystal of copper (II) sulphate

Crystals have flat surfaces, sharp corners and straight sides. Crystals have different geometrical shapes such as cuboids, rhombic or prism. Crystals have fixed angles between two neighbouring surfaces. Crystals of the same substance have same shape but different in sizes.

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Sifat Fizik Hablur

Hablur natrium klorida

Hablur kalium dikromat

Hablur kuprum (II) sulfat

Hablur mempunyai permukaan yang rata, bucu tajam dan sisi lurus. Hablur mempunyai bentuk geometri yang berbeza seperti kuboid, jarum atau kepingan. Hablur mempunyai sudut tetap diantara dua permukaan bersebelahan. Hablur bahan yang sama mempunyai bentuk yang sama tetapi saiz yang berbeza.

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Preparation Of Insoluble Salts Insoluble salts are ionic compounds consist of cations and anions. Example: Lead (II) iodide consists of Pb2+ ions (cation) and I- ions (anion). Insoluble salts are prepared through precipitation reaction where two different aqueous solution containing ions of insoluble salt are mixed together.

Aqueous solution containing cations

Aqueous solution containing anions

Insoluble salt obtained through filtration

Examples: Lead (II) sulphate Pb (NO3) (aq) + Na2 SO4 (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

Calcium carbonate
Ca Cl2 (aq) + Na CO3 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

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Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut Garam tak larut merupakan sebatian ionik yang mengandungi kation dan anion. Contoh: Plumbum (II) iodida mengandungi ion Pb2+ (kation) dan ion I- (anion). Garam tak larut disediakan melalui tindak balas pemendakan di mana dua larutan akueus berbeza yang mengandungi ion garam tak larut dicampur bersama.
Larutan akues mengandungi kation

Larutan akues mengandungi anion

Garam tak larut diperolehi melalui penapisan

Contoh: Plumbum (II) sulfat Pb (NO3) (ak) + Na2 SO4 (ak) PbSO4 (p) + 2NaNO3 (ak)

Kalsium karbonat
Ca Cl2 (ak) + Na CO3 (ak) CaCO3 (p) + 2NaCl (ak)

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Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Chemical And Ionic Equations Steps in writing an ionic equation from a chemical equation. Example: The formation of precipitate of barium sulphate, BaSO4 Step 1 : Write down the chemical equation BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq) Step 2 : Write down all the ions of reactants and products in aqueous state BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) +SO42 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
-

Step 3: Cancel the ions that do not take part in the reaction. The ionic equation for the formation of barium sulphate, BaSO4: Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq) BaSO4 (s)
-

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Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Persamaan Kimia Dan Ion

Langkah-langkah dalam menulis persamaan ion daripada persamaan kimia. Contoh: Pembentukan mendakan barium sulfat, BaSO4 Langkah 1 : Tulis persamaan kimia BaCl2 (ak) + Na2SO4 (ak) BaSO4 (ak) + 2 NaCl (ak)

Langkah 2 : Tulis semua ion bahan tindak balas dan hasil dalam keadaan akues. BaCl2 (ak) + Na2SO4 (ak) BaSO4 (ak) + 2 NaCl (ak) Ba2+(ak) + 2Cl-(ak) + 2Na+(ak) + SO42 (ak) BaSO4 (p) + 2Na+(ak) + 2Cl- (ak)
-

Langkah 3: Potong ion yang tidak mengambil bahagian dalam tindak balas. Persamaan ion bagi pembentukan barium sulfat, BaSO4: Ba2+ (ak) + SO42 (ak) BaSO4 (p)
-

ITeach Kimia Tingkatan 4

Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Constructing Ionic Equations Using The Continuous Variation Method The ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt can be constructed through the continuous variation method.

The methods in the continuous variation method:

Determine mole ratio of cations A that reacts completely with anions B. Example: x mol of cations A react completely with y mol of anions B.

Determine empirical formula of the insoluble salt. Example: x mol of cations A react completely with y mol of anions B to form Ax By insoluble salt.

Thus, the ionic equation is :

x (ion A) + y (ion B) Ax By

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Membina Persamaan Ion Menggunakan Kaedah Perubahan Berterusan Persamaan ion dalam pembentukan garam tak larut boleh dibina melalui kaedah perubahan berterusan.

Kaedah dalam kaedah perubahan berterusan adalah:

Tentukan nisbah mol kation A yang bertindak balas selengkapnya dengan anion B. Contoh: x mol kation A bertindak balas sepenuhnya dengan y mol anion B. Tentukan formula empirik bagi garam tak larut. Contoh: x mol kation A bertindak balas sepenuhnya dengan y mol anion B untuk membentuk garam tak larut Ax By.

Oleh itu, persamaan ion adalah:

x (ion A) + y (ion B) Ax By

ITeach Kimia Tingkatan 4

Topic 8 Salts

Salts
Numerical Problems Involving Stoichiometric Reactions In The Preparation Of Salts
In preparation of insoluble salt, 4.25 g of silver nitrate, AgNO3 react with zinc chloride, ZnCl2 to produce silver chloride. Calculate the mass of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 used in this reaction.

[Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; Cl, 3.5; Zn, 65; Ag, 108]
Solution 1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) 2 AgCl (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq) 2. Calculate the number of moles of AgNO3.

Number of moles of AgNO3 = 4.25 = 0.025mol

170

3. Compare the mole ratio of ZnCl2 and AgNO3. 1 mol ZnCl2 react with 2 mol AgNO3 Therefore, number of moles of ZnCl2 = 0.025 mol = 0.0125mol 4. Calculate the mass of ZnCl2

Mass of ZnCl2 = Number of moles x Relative atomic mass = 0.0125 mol 136 = 1.7 g
ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Garam
Masalah Kuantitatif Melibatkan Tindak Balas Stoikiometri Dalam Penyediaan Garam
Dalam penyediaan garam tak larut, 4.25 g argentum nitrat, AgNO3 bertindak balas dengan zink klorida ZnCl2, untuk menghasilkan argentum klorida. Hitung jisim zink klorida, ZnCl2 menggunakan tindak balas ini.

[Jisim Atom Relatif : N, 14; O, 16; Cl, 3.5; Zn, 65; Ag, 108]

Penyelesaian 1. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk tindak balas tersebut. ZnCl2 (ak) + 2 AgNO3 (ak) 2 AgCl (p) + Zn(NO3)2 (ak) 2. Hitung bilangan mol AgNO3. Bilangan mol AgNO3 = 4.25 = 0.025mol

170

3. Bandingkan nisbah mol ZnCl2 dan AgNO3. 1 mol ZnCl2 bertindak balas dengan 2 mol AgNO3 Oleh itu, bilangan mol ZnCl2 = 0.025 mol = 0.0125mol 4. Hitung jisim ZnCl2.

Jisim ZnCl2 = Bilangan mol x Jisim atom relatif = 0.0125 mol 136 = 1.7 g
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Topic 8 Salts

8.2 Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Is used to determine the substances present in a compound.

Steps to be taken in identifying anions and cations present in salts are:

Observation on the physical properties of salts

Action of heat on salts

Test cations anions

for and

Confirmatory test for cations and anions

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Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Digunakan untuk menentukan identiti sesuatu bahan dalam sebatian.

Langkah yang perlu diambil dalam mengenal pasti anion dan kation dalam suatu garam adalah:

Pemerhatian ke atas sifat fizik garam

Tindakan haba ke atas garam

Ujian kation anion

bagi dan

Ujian pengesahan bagi anion dan kation

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Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Observations On The Physical Properties Of Salts The physical properties of salts that need to be observed are: Physical state Colour Solubility in water Colour of solid and solution of salts:

Cations / anions / salt

Salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+,Pb2+ ZnO Copper (II) salts, CuCO3, CuSO4, Cu (NO3)2 CuO Ferum (II) salts,
FeSO4, Fe (NO3)2, FeCl2

Colour Solid White Yellow when hot White when cooled Green Blue Black Green Brown Aqueous solution Colourless Insoluble Insoluble Blue Insoluble Green Yellow/ brownish-yellow/ Brown

Ferum (III) salts,

Fe2 (SO4)3, Fe (NO3)3, FeCl3

PbO
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Brown when hot Yellow when cooled

Insoluble

Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Pemerhatian Ke Atas Sifat Fizik Garam Sifat fizikal garam yang perlu diperhatikan adalah: Keadaan fizik Warna Keterlarutan dalam air Warna Pepejal Dan Larutan Garam:

Kation / anion / garam

Garam bagi Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+,Pb2+ ZnO Garam kuprum (II), CuCO3, CuSO4, Cu (NO3)2 CuO Garam ferum (II),
FeSO4, Fe (NO3)2, FeCl2

Warna Pepejal Putih Kuning apabila panas Putih apabila sejuk Hijau Biru Hitam Hijau Perang Larutan akues Tidak berwarna Tak larut Tak larut Biru Tak larut Hijau Kuning/ Kuning keperangan/ Perang

Garam ferum (III),

Fe2 (SO4)3, Fe (NO3)3, FeCl3

PbO
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Perang apabila panas, kuning apabila sejuk

Tak larut

Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test For Gases

Salts may produce certain gases in reactions carried out during laboratory test on salts.

The gas evolved may be identified by:

Observation of the colour Test with moist blue and red litmus paper Test with lime water

Test with a glowing wooden splinter

Test with KMnO4 solution

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian Gas

Garam mungkin menghasilkan gas tertentu dalam tindak balas yang dijalankan ke atas garam sewaktu ujikaji di dalam makmal.

Gas yang dibebaskan mungkin boleh dikenali dengan:

Memerhatikan warnanya

Diuji menggunakan kertas litmus biru lembap dan kertas litmus merah lembap
Diuji dengan air kapur Diuji menggunakan kayu uji berbara

Diuji dengan larutan KMnO4

ITeach Kimia Tingkatan 4

Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Inference On The Type Of Salt Based On The Gas Gas released O2 Salt KNO3 and NaNO3

CO2

All carbonate salts except K2CO3 and Na2CO3

All nitrate salts except KNO3 and NaNO3

NO2 and O2

NH3

Ammonium salt

SO2

Several SO42- salts

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Inferens Ke Atas Jenis Garam Berdasarkan Gas Yang Dibebaskan Gas yang terbebas O2 Garam KNO3 dan NaNO3

CO2

Semua garam karbonat kecuali K2CO3 dan Na2CO3

Semua garam nitrat kecuali KNO3 dan NaNO3

NO2 dan O2

NH3

Garam ammonium

SO2

Beberapa garam SO42-

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Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Action Of Heat On Salts Salts will decompose when heated. It may result in a colour change or evolution of gas or water vapour.

Effect of heat on salts

Carbonate salts
Decompose when heated to release CO2 gas. Except Na2CO3 and K2CO3

Nitrate salts

Decompose when heated and release O2 gas. However, group 1 nitrate, NO3- salts only form NO2- salt and O2.

ITeach Chemistry Form 4

Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Tindakan Haba Ke Atas Garam Garam akan terurai apabila dipanaskan. Ini menyebabkan garam mengalami perubahan warna, perwapan air dan perubahan gas.

Tindakan Haba Ke Atas Garam

Garam karbonat
Terurai apabila dipanaskan untuk membebaskan gas CO2. Kecuali Na2CO3 dan K2CO3.

Garam nitrat
Terurai apabila dipanaskan dan membebaskan gas O2.

Walaubagaimanapun, untuk kumpulan 1 nitrat, garam NO3hanya membentuk garam NO2- dan O2.

ITeach Kimia Tingkatan 4

Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test For Anions
Carbonate ions, CO32, chloride ions, Cl-, sulphate ions, SO 42 and nitrate ions, NO 3 are tested in qualitative analysis through various chemical test.
-

Test

Anion

Carbonate ion,

CO

23

Chloride ion, ClNo change

Sulphate ion,

SO

24

Nitrate ion, NO 3
No change

Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute hydrochloric acid + Barium chloride solution Dilute nitric acid + silver nitrate solution Dilute sulphuric acid + Iron (II) sulphate solution + concentrated sulphuric acid
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Effervescence. Gas released turns lime water cloudy

No precipitate

No change

No precipitate

White precipitate

No precipitate

No precipitate

White precipitate

No precipitate

No precipitate

No change

No change

No change

Brown ring

Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian Bagi Anion
Ion karbonat, CO32 , ion klorida, Cl-, ion sulfat, SO42 , dan ion nitrat, NO 3 ,diuji dalam analisis kualitatif melalui pelbagai ujian kimia.
-

Ujian

Anion

Ion karbonat,

CO

23

Ion klorida, ClTiada perubahan

Ion sulfat,

SO

24

Ion nitrat, NO 3 Tiada perubahan

Asid hidroklorik cair

Pembuakan. Gas yang terbebas menjadikan air kapur keruh

Tiada mendakan

Tiada perubahan

Asid hidroklorik cair + larutan barium klorida Asid nitrik cair + larutan argentum nitrat Asid sulfurik cair + larutan ferum (II) sulfat + asid sulfurik pekat
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Tiada mendakan

Mendakan putih

Tiada mendakan

Tiada mendakan

Mendakan putih

Tiada mendakan

Tiada mendakan

Tiada perubahan

Tiada perubahan

Tiada perubahan

Gelang perang terbentuk

Topic 8 Salts

Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test For Cations- Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Aqueous cation solution + Sodium hydroxide solution in excess

NH4+

Mg2+ /

Ca2+

Zn2+ / Al3+ / Pb2+

Cu2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

No precipitate

White precipitate insoluble in NaOH solution

White precipitate soluble in NaOH solution

Blue precipitate insoluble in NaOH solution

Green precipitate insoluble in NaOH solution

Brown precipitate insoluble in NaOH solution

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Topik 8 Garam

Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian Bagi Kation- Larutan Natrium Hidroksida

Larutan akues kation + Lebihan larutan natrium hidroksida

NH4+

Mg2+ /

Ca2+

Zn2+ / Al3+ / Pb2+

Cu2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Tiada mendakan

Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH

Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan NaOH

Mendakan biru tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH

Mendakan hijau tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH

Mendakan perang tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH

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