Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Magmatism
Magmatism is the formation of igneous rocks
from magma. Concept of Plate Tectonics is the idea that The earths crust and upper mantle are broken up into pieces into a series of rigid, mobile plates. The plates move over a partly molten zone in the mantle tat is the source of most of the magma that accounts for volcanic activity.
Basaltic volcanism dominant rock is basalt There are also magmatism found in continental rifts but they are less common. They also produce mafic magma and they have basaltic volcanism like at the seafloor ridges.
boundary at which two plates converge and one plate is thrust beneath the other.
Andesitic volcanism- dominant rock is andesite.
This is due to the assimilation or melting of the overriding platee that is continental (mostly silicic) which is composed of granitic or granodioritic crustal material by mafic magma often produces an intermediate composition, andesitic melt.
Hot Spot, Intraplate Volcanism isolated areas of volcanic activity that are not associated with plate boundaries.
plumes.
Mantle plumes are rising column of magma in the upper mantle. What causes plumes is not known for certain. Some geologists says that they formed over regions of locally high concentrations of (heat producing) radioactive element in the mantle. If the overlying plate of a plume is sufficiently weak, the magma breaks through to form a volcano
Expected to be basaltic volcanism. The composition of the material arupted depends on the composition of the overlyinng plate.
When magma rises up through an oceanic plate, it is expected to be basaltic whether or not some seafloor is assimilated.
Hot spot volcanoes in the oceanic basins which are commonly built of many thin layers of fluid basaltic lavas, if the magma makes its way up through a crust, there is more potential for assimilation of ranitic material and production of a more silicic final magma.
Continental Rift
Subduction zone
Fissure Eruptions
the eruption of a lava out of a long crack rather than from a single pipe or vent.
Volcanic Domes a compact, steep-sided volcanic structure from a very viscous lava. any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earths surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent.
built by andesitic & rhylolitic composed silicic lavas. (tend to more viscous and flow less readily. They ooze out at the surface like thick toothpaste.)
Cinder Cones
are volcanoes that are made primarily of made of basaltic fragments. are generally not very tall, generally not more than 500 m high.
are steep-sided, often symmetrical mountains that
match the popular expectation of what a volcano should look like Considered as monogenetic volcano because they only erupt once and then they become extinct.
Composite Volcanoes
also known as stratovolcano. Are the most common mountain volcano such as Mt. Pinatubo, Mt. Fuji and Mt. St. Helens. Are polygenetic volcano for the capability of repeated eruptions and separated by dormancy periods over hundreds of thousand years. Built mostly by andesitic lava. Are much more lager and taller than cinder cones and they have more explosive eruptions.
Caldera
A large, bowl-shaped summit depression in a
volcano. This is caused when much of the magma has erupted or perhaps magma has drained back down to deeper levels leaving the volcano partially unsupported. The overlying rocks may collapse if they are very weak. They can be bigger then the original crater from which the lava emerged.
This is the Crater Lake . This is actually a caldera collapse of the ancient volcano Mt. Mazama in southern Oregon. At 600 m depth, it is the deepest freshwater lake in the USA.
Volcanic Hazards
Direct Hazards: Materials and Eruptive Style
Lava
Most people have regarded lavas are the primary
hazard during volcano eruption but actually, lava is not generally life-threatening . Most lava flows advance at speed of a few kilometer an hour at most, so one can evade the advancing lava readily even a foot. The lava will of course, destroy or bury any property over it flows. Lava temperatures are typically over 500C over 950F) and may be over 1400C (2550C). Combustible materials like houses and even forests are burn at such temperatures.
then solidifies into solid rock. Lavas, like all liquids, flow downhill, so one way to protect property is to simply iv away from a volcano. However, people still or build houses near at a volcano for some reasons:
They simply think that a volcano will not erupt again for a very long time. Soil formed from the weathering of volcanic rock forms slowly but is often very fertile. Sometimes, a volcano is the only land available.
In Iceland, in 1973, flow-quenching operations saved a crucial harbor when the Edjell Volcano in Heimaey erupted.
cooling water. Boats sprayed water on lava flows encroaching on the harbor thus, saving the harbor. As the lava cools, it becomes thicker, more viscous and flows more slower. They used water to fastened the cooling of the lava. Some have tried diverting lava flows course away from the properties by carefully placing explosives t o the newly solidified lavas (only the crustal part of the lava have been solidified, the interior part is still molten and would take several days before it will fully solidify) which had been stopped flowing due to the lessen output of the volcano or upon encountering natural or artificial barrier.
In this way, the internal molten that have been exploded would take another path. Careful placing of the explosives would guide the flow to another course. This strategy was used in Italy in 1983, when Mt. Etna began another series of eruptions. Unfortunately, the strategy was only brief successful. Part of the flow deflected the course but after few days the lava left the planned alternate channel and resumed to its original path. Lava flows may be hazardous, but they are at east predictable. Like other fluids, they flow downhill. Once they flowed on a relatively flat area, they tend to stop.
Pyroclastics
Pyroclastics are the bits of magma and rocks that
are wildly going out from a volcano during eruption. This is due to the sudden release and forcefully explosion of the built up gas pressure in a rising magma. There are also bock-sized, still molten lavas that are thrown out of e volcano called, volcanic bombs. These are more dangerous than lava flows. They may erupt suddenly and explosively, and spread faster and farther. The larger the blocks the more danger it brings. However, they usually fall quite close to the volcanic vent, so they affect small area.
They can be carried over to a larger area by air. They cannot just be confined in a valley and low places but they can also blanket a countryside. As what happened on May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens was by no means the largest eruption recorded, but the ash blackened the midday skies more then 150 kilometers away, measurable ashfall was detected halfway across the USA. Volcanic ash can be a problem in transportation. They will make the road slippery as they land on the ground causing accidents. Volcanic dust can choke car engines as they are in the air. Homes, cars and land were buried the hot ash.
breathing both uncomfortable and difficult. In the Philippines, when the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, the combination of thick ashfall and soaking rains caused the widespread collapse of homes under the weight of the sodden debris. Lahar is the result when hot falling ashes melts the snow on ice or even when falling ashes combined with heavy rain producing a mudflow. In the Philippines, the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption caused lahar when rain-soaked ash on the mountain slopes suddenly slid downhill. Nue ardente- (French word for glowing cloud)
also known as pyroclastic flow is a special kind of deadly pyroclastic outburst . It is a denser-than-air mixture of hot gases and fine ash. Pyroclastic flow has a temperatures over 1000C in the interior and it can rush down the slopes of the volcano at more than 100 kilometers per hour, charring everything in its path , flattening trees and weak buildings. The most famous pyroclastic flow tragedy is the 1902 eruption of Mont Pole on the Caribbean in the Island of Martinique which caused fatal injury, burn to death and suffocation to approximately 25,000 to 40,000 people in the nearby town of St. Pierre and its harbor. The single reported survivor in the town was a convicted murder who was imprisoned underground in the town dungeon.
histories of explosive eruptions so do many of them have a history of pyroclastic flow. Volcano eruptions produce gases that could kill humans either through suffocation and poisoning. Some gases that are not considered poisonous but cause suffocations include water vapor and carbon dioxide. Gases like carbon monoxide, various sulfur gases and hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids are all poisonous.
Mt. Pinatubo
location respectively. In case of an island volcano, the volcano may have a phreatic eruption, an eruption caused by large amount of water that have seeped into the rocks and went nearer to the hot magma below, turned into steam and blow up the volcano. This will produce an huge explosion and may cause for a high sea wave that could wash up its neighbor islands.
groundwater, lake water, snowmelt and so on seeps in to the crust to a hot magma body.
rhyolitic or andesitic lavas plug the vent, the pressure of gases associated with the magma may build until it rips the volcano apart. And such explosions are often unpredictable in the term.
quantities of volcanic dust high into the atmosphere and takes years to settle to the ground. Due to this, it will cause a partial blockage of incoming sunlight, thus causing measurable cooling.
After the Krakatoa, Indonesia Eruption in 1883,
worldwide temperatures dropped nearly half a degree centigrade, and the cooling effects persisted for almost ten years.
Tambora on 1815, gave another cooling. 1816 was the known year in the Northern Hemisphere as the years without a summer.
climatic impacts of volcanic eruptions to the world. It is also caused by the gasses emitting from the volcano during eruptions.
The 1982 eruption of the Mt. El Chichn in
Mexico did not produce large quantity of dust, but it did shoot volumes of unusually sulfur gases into the atmosphere. These gases produced clouds of sulfuric droplets that spread around the earth.
sunlight but they also become acid rain when they settle back to the ground. The 1991 eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines became famous when it gave extensive output of both ash, dust and sulfur gases. The resultant sulfuric acid mist circled the globe. The unusually cool summer of 1992 in the Northern Hemisphere was attributed to the eruption Mt. Pinatubo.
according to their activity although there are no precise rules for assigning volcano to a particular category:
Active volcano
Active volcano
Are those volcanoes that have erupted or shown signs of
activity in the past 600 years. Mt. Pinatubo, Mt. Mayon and Mt. Taal are the most famous active volcano in the country. There are about 220 volcanoes in the Philippines, 25 of them are said to be active.
too eroded or worn down. Dormant volcanoes are inactive up to the present but have the potentials to be come active again. Mt. Apo, Mt. Arayat and Mt. Makiling are the example of this kind of volcano.
As volcanologists learned, statistically, a typical volcano erupts once every 220 years, but 20% of all volcanoes erupt less than once
every 1000 years, and 2% erupt less than once in 10,000 years.
As estimated, there are 300-500 volcanoes in the world (the uncertainty arises from not knowing whether some are truly active or
predicting the volcanic eruptions but it is a large task. Active volcanoes should be monitored for any sudden eruptions. Dormant volcanoes might become active at any time. Extinct volcanoes can be ignored but thats assuming that they are long-term dormant volcanoes. Volcanologists only uses information of the recent eruption of a volcano as their guide
surface.
It often indicates the presence of a rising magma mass, the build up of gas pressure
or both.
Uplift, tilt and seismic activity may indicate that
an eruption is approaching but geologists do not know yet the exact timing.
volcano.
Gas emissions may reflect the approach of
Animals There have been reports that animals can anticipate volcanic eruptions because they sensitive to the earths changes.
Volcanology and Seismology) is the agency that observes volcanic activities in the Philippines.
They set the Volcanic Danger Zone, the
Before : Store food, first aid kit, flashlights, water and other necessities in case of eruption. Listen to radio, TV and other media for further informations and instructions regarding the volcano. During : Evacuate immediately and do not wait for force evacuation. After : Do not go back to the houses without prior instructions from the government.
Taal
Kelut, Java Merapi Rabaul Caldera Lamington Hibok Hibok
Philippines
Indonesia Indonesia Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Philippines
1911
1919 1930 1937 1951 1951
1,335
5,110 1,369 507 2,942 500
Volcano
Agung
Location
Indonesia
Year
1963
Deaths*
1,148
St. Helens
El Chichn Nevado del Ruiz Lake Nyos Pinatubo Unzen Mayon
United States
Mexico Colombia Cameroon Luzon, Philippines Japan Philippines
1980
1982 1985 1986 1991- 1996 1991 1993
57
>2,000 23,000 1,700 800 39 70
*All death tolls are estimates. Source: United States Geological Survey.
Babuyan Claro
Banahaw Biliran Buddajo Bulusan Cagua
Cagayan
0.843
4
3 1 2 17 2
1917
1843 1939 Sept. 26 1897 2010 Nov.2011.Feb. 1907
Laguna, Quezon 2.169 Biliran Island Sulu Sorsogon Cagayan 1.340 0.62 1.565 1.160
Cabalian
Camiguin de Babuyanes Didicas
Southern Leyte
Cagayan Cagayan (Babuyan group of Islands) 0.712 0.843 1 6 1857 1978 Jan. 6-9
Name of Volcano Hibok-hibok Iraya Iriga Kanlaon Leonard Kniaseff Makaturing Matumtum Mayon Musuan Parker Pinatubo
Province
Elevation (Km)
Latest iEruption/ activity 1948 Sept. 311953 July 1454 1642 Jan. 4 2006 June 1800 years ago 1882 1911 March 7 2009 Dec. 1867 1640 Jan. 4 1992 July 9Augus 16
Davao del Norte 0.200 Lanao del Sur Cotabato Albay Bukidnon Cotabato Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales Cotabato 1.960 2.286 2.460 0.646 1.784 1.445
Ragang
2.815
1916 July
Province
Elevation (Km)
0.688
Taal
0.311
33
1977 Oct. 3