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Protection

This document discusses protection in operating systems. It covers the goals of protection, domains of protection, access matrices, implementation of access matrices, revocation of access rights, capability-based systems, and language-based protection. The key points are that protection ensures each object is only accessed by allowed processes, domains define access rights to objects, access matrices represent protection with rows of domains and columns of objects, and capabilities and access control lists are common implementation methods.

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Farooq Shad
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128 views

Protection

This document discusses protection in operating systems. It covers the goals of protection, domains of protection, access matrices, implementation of access matrices, revocation of access rights, capability-based systems, and language-based protection. The key points are that protection ensures each object is only accessed by allowed processes, domains define access rights to objects, access matrices represent protection with rows of domains and columns of objects, and capabilities and access control lists are common implementation methods.

Uploaded by

Farooq Shad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 18: Protection

Goals of Protection Domain of Protection Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Revocation of Access Rights Capability-Based Systems Language-Based Protection

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Protection
Operating system consists of a collection of objects, hardware or software Each object has a unique name and can be accessed through a well-defined set of operations. Protection problem - ensure that each object is accessed correctly and only by those processes that are allowed to do so.

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Domain Structure
Access-right = <object-name, rights-set> where rights-set is a subset of all valid operations that can be performed on the object.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Domain = set of access-rights

Domain Implementation (UNIX)


System consists of 2 domains:
User Supervisor
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

UNIX
Domain = user-id Domain switch accomplished via file system.
Each file has associated with it a domain bit (setuid bit). When file is executed and setuid = on, then user-id is set to owner of the file being executed. When execution completes user-id is reset.

Domain Implementation (Multics)D be any two domain rings. Let D and


i j

If j < I Di Dj

Multics Rings

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Access Matrix
View protection as a matrix (access matrix) Rows represent domains Columns represent objects Access(i, j) is the set of operations that a process executing in Domaini can invoke on Objectj
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Access Matrix

Figure A
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Use of Access Matrix


If a process in Domain Di tries to do op on object Oj, then op must be in the access matrix. Can be expanded to dynamic protection.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Operations to add, delete access rights. Special access rights:


owner of Oi copy op from Oi to Oj control Di can modify Dj access rights transfer switch from domain Di to Dj

Use of Access Matrix (Cont.)


Access matrix design separates mechanism from policy.
Mechanism
Operating system provides access-matrix + rules. If ensures that the matrix is only manipulated by authorized agents and that rules are strictly enforced.

Policy
User dictates policy. Who can access what object and in what mode.

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Implementation of Access Matrixcolumn = Access-control list for one object Each


Defines who can perform what operation. Domain 1 = Read, Write Domain 2 = Read Domain 3 = Read Each Row = Capability List (like a key) Fore each domain, what operations allowed on what objects.
Object 1 Read Object 4 Read, Write, Execute Object 5 Read, Write, Delete, Copy
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Access Matrix of Figure A With Domains as Objects

Figure B

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Access Matrix with Copy Rights

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Access Matrix With Owner Rights

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Modified Access Matrix of Figure B

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Revocation of Access Rights


Access List Delete access rights from access list.
Simple Immediate
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Capability List Scheme required to locate capability in the system before capability can be revoked.
Reacquisition Back-pointers Indirection Keys

Capability-Based Systems
Hydra
Fixed set of access rights known to and interpreted by the system. Interpretation of user-defined rights performed solely by user's program; system provides access protection for use of these rights.

Cambridge CAP System


Data capability - provides standard read, write, execute of individual storage segments associated with object. Software capability -interpretation left to the subsystem, through its protected procedures.

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Language-Based Protection
Specification of protection in a programming language allows the high-level description of policies for the allocation and use of resources.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Language implementation can provide software for protection enforcement when automatic hardware-supported checking is unavailable. Interpret protection specifications to generate calls on whatever protection system is provided by the hardware and the operating system.

Protection in Java 2
Protection is handled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) A class is assigned a protection domain when it is loaded by the JVM.

The protection domain indicates what operations the class can (and cannot) perform.
If a library method is invoked that performs a privileged operation, the stack is inspected to ensure the operation can be performed by the library.

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

Stack Inspection

Operating System Concepts FAROOQ

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