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Principles of Counting and Theories of Probability

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The document discusses the fundamental counting principle and provides examples of how to use it to calculate the number of possible outcomes for multi-step processes. It explains that the number of ways to complete two separate activities is calculated by multiplying the number of options for each individual activity. Several word problems demonstrate counting principles for scenarios involving choosing options from menus, generating license plates, selecting race placements, and more.

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Principles of Counting and Theories of Probability

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divine ventura
151 views18 pages
The document discusses the fundamental counting principle and provides examples of how to use it to calculate the number of possible outcomes for multi-step processes. It explains that the number of ways to complete two separate activities is calculated by multiplying the number of options for each individual activity. Several word problems demonstrate counting principles for scenarios involving choosing options from menus, generating license plates, selecting race placements, and more.

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introduces the concept of probability

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The document discusses the fundamental counting principle and provides examples of how to use it to calculate the number of possible outcomes for multi-step processes. It explains that the number of ways to complete two separate activities is calculated by multiplying the number of options for each individual activity. Several word problems demonstrate counting principles for scenarios involving choosing options from menus, generating license plates, selecting race placements, and more.

Copyright:

Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
151 views18 pages

Principles of Counting and Theories of Probability

Uploaded by

divine ventura
The document discusses the fundamental counting principle and provides examples of how to use it to calculate the number of possible outcomes for multi-step processes. It explains that the number of ways to complete two separate activities is calculated by multiplying the number of options for each individual activity. Several word problems demonstrate counting principles for scenarios involving choosing options from menus, generating license plates, selecting race placements, and more.

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PRINCIPLES 2/11/13 OF COUNTING AND THEORIES OFto edit Master Click subtitle style PROBABILIT Y

2/11/13

The Fundamental Counting Principle


If there areaways for one activity to occur, andbways for a second activity to occur, then there area bways for both to occur.

2/11/13 Examples: 1. Suppose a school has three gates, in how many ways can a student enter and leave the school?

There are two activities involved here, the first is entering and the second is leaving the school. The student has three choices in doing the first activity and so with the second activity. Suppose we call the first gate as A, the second gate as B, and the third as C, let us explore some possible ways of solving the problem

2/11/13

a. By listing
The different entrance-exit pairs are: AA, AB, AC, BA, BB, BC,CA,CB, and CC There are mine different ways of doing the said activity.

2/11/13

b. By using a table
Entrance gate A B C A (A,A) (B, C) (C, A) Exit gate B (A, B) (B, B) (C, B) C (A, C) (B, C) (C, C)

2/11/13

c. By using a tree diagram


Entrance gate A Exit gate A B C start B A B C A C B C Ways of doing the activities A A A B B B C C C A B C A B C A B C

2/11/13

d. By fundamental counting principle


There

are three gates to enter the school and three ways to leave the school. Thus, 3 x 3 = 9 ways.

2/11/13

2. Suppose most of your clothes are dirty and you are left with 2 pants and 3 shirts. How many choices do you have or how many different ways can you dress?
Let's call the pants:pants #1andpants #2 Let's call the shirts:shirt #1,shirt #2, andshirt #3

2/11/13

tree diagram as the one below can be used to show all the choices you can make

2 x 3 = 6 ways

3. You go a restaurant to get some breakfast. The menu says pancakes, waffles, or home fries. And for drink, coffee, juice, hot chocolate, and tea. How many different choices of food and drink do you have?
There 3 choices for food and 4 choices for drink. Thus, you have a total of 3 4 = 12 choices.

2/11/13

2/11/13

4. If ice cream sundaes come in 5 flavors with 4 possible toppings, how many different sundaes can be made with one flavor of ice cream and one topping?

2/11/13

5.Activities: roll a die and flip a coin There are 6 ways to roll a die and 2 ways to flip a coin. There are 6 2 = 12 ways to roll a die and flip a coin. 6.Activities: draw two cards from a standard deck of 52 cards without replacing the cards There are 52 ways to draw the first card. There are 51 ways to draw the second card. There are 52 51 = 2,652 ways to draw the two cards.

2/11/13

The

Counting Principle also works for more than two activities.

7.Activities: a coin is tossed five times There are 2 ways to flip each coin. There are 2 2 2 2 2 = 32 arrangements of heads and tails. 8.Activities: a die is rolled four times There are 6 ways to roll each die. There are 6 6 6 6 = 1,296 possible outcomes.

2/11/13

9. During the Olympic 400m sprint, there are 6 runners. How many possible ways are there to award first, second, and third places?

3 places

1st 2nd 3rd 5 4 ____ 6 ____ x ____ = x

120 different ways

2/11/13

10. Account numbers for Century Oil Company consist of five digits. If the first digit cannot be a 0 or 1, how many account numbers are possible?

11. You are at your school cafeteria that allows you to choose a lunch meal from a set menu. You have two choices for the Main course (a hamburger or a pizza), Two choices of a drink (orange juice, apple juice) and Three choices of dessert (pie, ice cream, jello). How many different meal combos can you select?_________

2/11/13

Exercises:
1. License Plates for cars are labeled with 3 letters followed by 3 digits. How many possible plates are there? You can use the same number more than once. 2. If eight horses are entered in a race and three finishing places are considered, (a) how many finishing orders can they finish? (b)If the top three horses are Lucky one, Lucky Two, and Lucky Three, in how many possible orders can they finish?

2/11/13

3. If each of the 10 digits is chosen at random, how many ways can you choose the following numbers? (a) A two-digit code number, repeated digits permitted. (b) A three-digit identification card number, for which the first digit cannot be a 0. (c) A four-digit bicycle lock number, where no digit can be used twice. (d) A five-digit zip code number, with the first digit not zero.

2/11/13

4. A club has 10 members. In how many ways can the club choose a president and vice-president if everyone is eligible? 5. A lottery allows you to select a two-digit number. Each digit may be either1,2 or 3. How many different numbers can be selected?

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