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BIO 3303 4.5 Muscle and Animal Energetics

This document discusses muscle fiber types and animal energetics. It describes three main muscle fiber types - slow-twitch oxidative (STO/Type I), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG/Type IIa), and fast-twitch glycolytic (FTG/Type IIx) fibers - and their characteristics. It also summarizes the three main sources of ATP in muscle - phosphagen systems, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The document then discusses fuel use and storage in animals as well as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and how exercise intensity affects fuel utilization. It provides examples of long distance migration in birds and salmon.

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103 views30 pages

BIO 3303 4.5 Muscle and Animal Energetics

This document discusses muscle fiber types and animal energetics. It describes three main muscle fiber types - slow-twitch oxidative (STO/Type I), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG/Type IIa), and fast-twitch glycolytic (FTG/Type IIx) fibers - and their characteristics. It also summarizes the three main sources of ATP in muscle - phosphagen systems, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The document then discusses fuel use and storage in animals as well as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and how exercise intensity affects fuel utilization. It provides examples of long distance migration in birds and salmon.

Uploaded by

Sara Yuen
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIO 3303

4.5 Muscle and Animal Energetics

Nov. 29, 2012

Muscle Fiber Types


STO: Slow-twitch oxidative fibers; Type I mitochondria rich FOG: Fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers; Type IIa mitochondria FTG: Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers; Type Iix few mitochondria
STO

Mitochondrial stain

FOG
FTG

Fig. 19.15, Hill et. al., 2008

Muscle Fiber Types


Myofiber expresses single myosin II isoform 1 fiber type per motor unit E.g. Type I, Type II motor unit Muscle made up of myofibers of different types Isoform switching can occur in response to physiological conditions Exercise, temperature

http://www.medco-athletics.com /lectureseries/neuro.html

Muscle Fiber Type Functions


Vastus lateralis (thigh muscle) stained for mitochondria Type I (STO), and also some Type IIa (FOG) Mitochondria rich Oxidative Endurance exercise Type IIx (FTG) Fewer mitochondria Glycolytic Burst exercise
Fig. 7.10, Hill et. al., 2008

Composition of leg muscle fibres in human groups


Genes and environment (training) play a role in muscle type differences (remodeling more from Type IIx to Type IIa)
STO FOG FTG

Sci. Amer. 283(3):49, 2000

Muscle Fibre Summary


ATP production
mitochondria capillaries [myoglobin] colour [glycolytic enzymes] rate of fatigue myosin ATPase activity Shortening velocity, Vmax Ca2+ kinetics fibre diameter Myosin isoform STO oxidative Phosphorylation many many high red low slow low slow slow Small Type I FOG oxidative phosphorylation many many high red intermediate intermediate high fast fast Intermediate Type IIa FTG glycolysis few few low white high fast higher faster fast Large Type IIx

Energy Production
ATP required for muscle contraction and relaxation (cross-bridge cycling and ATPase pumps) Sources of ATP: 1. Phosphagen pools
ATP, ADP Creatine phosphate (arginine phosphate in invertebrates, as well as others)

mitochondria

2. Anaerobic glycolysis
2-3 ATP/glucose produced Lactic acid produced

3. Oxidative phosphorylation
In mitochondria 36+++ ATP/ fuel oxidized
Fig. 17.14, Hill et. al. 2004

Phosphagen pools
Creatine Phosphate (CrP)= ATP stores in sarcoplasm

CrP + ADP = Cr + ATP Important for maintaining constant ATP levels (buffer) Instanteneous supply of ATP to myofibrils Last only a very short period (few seconds) When muscle is at rest, phosphocreatine pools are regenerated

Creatine phosphate = phosphocreatine

Fig. 2.41

Anaerobic glycolysis
Produces 3 ATP per glycogen or 2 ATP per glucose Glycogen= intramuscular stores of glucose Glucose supplied from blood High intensity exercise fueled almost entirely by glycogen In absence of O2, pyruvate converted to lactate Accumulation of lactate = metabolic disturbances
Lactate

Fig. 2.28

Oxidative phosphorylation
Uses oxygen to make ATP Can use all 3 fuels to make ATP Main fuels for exercise: Carbohydrates (glucose and glycogen) and fatty acids (proteins account for less than 5% of fuels used) Lots of ATP produced per fuel oxidized Can provide a constant supply Mitochondrion of ATP at low rates limited by O2 delivery to mitochondria

haigis.hms.harvard.edu

Rates of ATP production


Anaerobic glycolysis = fastest rate of ATP production Can supply ATP quickly to fuel high intensity exercise Oxidized Fatty acids and carbohydrates (CHO) supply ATP at slower rates: fuel low intensity exercise
Anaerobic glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation

Weber J J Exp Biol 2011;214:286-294

Fuel stores available for locomotion


Protein 14% Carbohydrates (CHO) 1%

Lipids 85%

Whole-body stores CHO stored as glycogen in liver and muscle Lipids stored as TAG (triacylglyceride) in adipose tissue Proteins = functional tissue

Intramuscular stores: glycogen and TAG readily available for fast ATP production high intensity exercise is predominantly fueled by muscle glycogen (as opposed to liver glycogen)

TAG

http://howmed.net/physiology/skeletal-muscle/

Burst exercise
High intensity exercise can only be maintained for short periods of time

Fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibers predominantly used


Resting to all-out effort: Cheetah: 120km/h for up to 500m 1. Creatine phosphate for a few seconds very high rate of ATP production 2. Anaerobic glycolysis for a few minutes Intramuscular glycogen primarily used (faster ATP production) high rate of ATP production but lower than creatine phosphate Exercise intensity decreases Exhaustion from energetic shortfalls, ion disturbances, pH imbalances, etc.

Recovery from burst exercise


Replenish energy stores: glycogen, ATP, CrP reestablish ion gradients, Ca2+ stores, pH lactate removal glycogen synthesis in muscle to liver for gluconeogenesis (Cori cycle) to heart or RM to be oxidized Energy for these processes come from oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen debt (EPOC) Varies with intensity of exercise

(EPOC)

Endurance exercise
Low-intensity exercise can be maintained for long periods of time Slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers predominantly used (mitochondria rich) ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation Limited by rate of oxygen delivery to mito Many capillaries Small muscle fiber diameter High [myoglobin] Strong heart ( stroke volume) Limited by rate of delivery and availability of fuels fuel used depends on exercise intensity rate of ATP production from oxidized CHO > oxidized Fat Stores of Fat > CHO

Fuels oxidized during exercise in mammals


Whole-body fuel use High intensity of exercise fueled mostly by CHO Low intensity of exercise fueled mostly by lipids Endogenous vs exogenous sources CHO: endogenous > exogenous Lipids: endogenous > exogenous only at high intensity

Exercise intensity (% VO2max)


Weber J J Exp Biol 2011;214:286-294

Carbohydrate stores are limited


CHO = ~1% of wholebody fuel stores muscle glycogen or intramuscular TAG depleted first then liver glycogen stores (brought to muscle by blood) Once glucose stores in the body depleted, intensity of exercise is at At low intensity (~70% VO2max) its lowest Fig. 6.6, Hill et. al. 2004 fueled only by lipids (lowest rate of ATP synthesis) hitting the wall Timing of these very variable, depending on relative intensity of exercise (% VO2max)

Muscle energetics
Creatine phosphate (CrP) Instantenous supply of ATP Anaerobic glycolysis Fast rate of ATP production Less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation, runs out of fuel quickly (short duration) Oxidative phosphorylation More efficient Slow rate ATP production
Proportion of Energy Delivered

100

ATP splitting CrP splitting Glycolysis

50

Oxidative phosphorylation

10

20 Time 40 Exercise Period (s)

60

80

Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

Efficiency (#ATP/glucose) Rate of ATP production Oxygen dependency Fuel

2-3 High No Carbohydrate

36 Lower Yes Carbohydrate, fatty acids, amino acids

Salmon migration Fuel Use


Pacific salmon feed, grow and store energy for several years in ocean before undertaking migration Migrate to natal spawning sites in rivers E.g. Fraser River sockeye salmon travel more than 1000 km against current No feeding during migration, only rely on fuel stores Fuel used changes throughout migration Early stages of migration: Lipids predominantly used Use triglycerides from muscle and adipose tissue

Salmon migration Fuel Use


Later stages of migration: Break down muscle to use protein as fuel Break down white muscle (RM spared for slow swimming) Break down intestinal tract, and other less useful tissues Glycogen spared throughout migration Reserved for high intensity spawning activity Salmon dies shortly after spawning Energy stores fully depleted, tissues digested
Fig. 12.14

Animal Energetics
Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions in a biological entity Metabolic rate: the rate of conversion of energy to heat and external work (ATP) Respirometry: technique for obtaining rates of metabolism and fuel used by measuring of O2 consumption and CO2 production

Animal Energetics
Rates O2 consumption and CO2 production used to determine fuel used Type of fuel oxidized reflected in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) RER = CO2 O2 At rest: predominant fuel = lipids low RER During exercise = lipids and CHO depending on intensity RER increase with intensity of exercise (more CHO oxidized at high intensities)

Table 5.2, Hill et. al. 2004

VO2max
VO2max: maximum oxygen consumption determined during incremental exercise Maximum capacity of an individual to transport and use oxygen RER should equal 1 at VO2max Endurance athletes have high VO2max enhanced O2 delivery to mitochondria enhanced oxidative phosphorylation enhanced fuel delivery

Exercise intensity: speed vs %VO2max


% fuel kg-1 min-1 mol O2 oxidized
An athlete (high VO2max) and a sedentary person (low VO2max) running side by side athlete will use a less CHO because he is running at a lower % VO2max

Running speed: 10 km/hr


100 80 60 40 20 0

lipids CHO

45% VO2max 80% VO2max

Migratory birds are exceptional endurance athletes


Some Bar-tailed Godwits have longest known nonstop flight: 11,000 km from Alaska to New Zeland 55% of body weight prior to migration is fat Arctic Terns have longest distance migration: 70,900km roundtrip from Arctic to Antarctic and back

Migration of semipalmated sandpiper


Refueling stopover in Bay of Fundy during its fall migration from breeding areas in the Arctic. Double body mass in 2 weeks Eat Corophium mudshrimp (natural doping) High amounts of n-3 PUFA Energy source Enhance oxidative capacity of fatty acids Allows to undertake long flight across Atlantic to South America 4500km, 3 days at ~60 km/h

Weber J J Exp Biol 2009;212:593-597

Animal energetics: Migratory birds


% lipid oxidized Flying = high intensity exercise 2x the VO2max of same-size mammals Efficient oxygen delivery Migratory birds can oxidize lipids at high exercise intensities Most of the energy from body adipose tissues Enhanced lipid mobilization, transport and oxidation 10x faster than mammals

Migratory birds

mammals exercise intensity (% VO2max)

Animal energetics: Migratory birds


Taking endurance to another extreme: Bar-headed geese fly over Mt Everest during migration flight Only 1/3 of the oxygen compared to sea level

Next Lecture
Monday: Review (last lecture!)

Lecture 1 to 20
Post your review topics and question from the whole course before Sunday 11am in designated discussion folder on blackboard site

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