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Performance Analysis & Simulation Of Fundamental Parameters Of EDFA

Jashan K M.Tech II - 10912020

Contents
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Introduction Optical Fiber Amplifiers Principle of EDFA Research Done Problem Summary Parameters to be investigated Procedure References

Basics of Optical Fiber Amplifiers[1]

Fibers could transmit signal with optimum SNR till 100 kms Repeaters were required beyond 100kms Repeaters work at specific wavelengths only For WDM systems Amplifiers were used Electronic Amp degraded the performance , OpticElectronic conversion was a problem All-optical System required Optical Amplifiers were the Solution
[1]V.I Makkaveev, Optical Amplifiers in optical fiber communications;SPIE Publications, Vol 4680 , Feb 2002.

4 basic criteria for Optical Fiber amplifiers

High Gain Low Noise Greater Bandwidth Gain spectrum flatness

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Introduction to the EDFA

Three applications for an EDFA

Merits of EDFA
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Lead to flourishing of longhaul dwdm systems High gain Low noise Broad bandwidth High output power High efficiency of pump power

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WORK DONE.

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Design Improvement

1 . Design coordination of Pre-amp EDFA and Photon Detector in optical receiver[2]

Introduction : To have the best amp results a coordination between the amplifier and the photon detector is essential. The pre-amp EDFA output power and laser pump power should be fine tuned at the optical receiver level to determine the best output power/laser pump power combination to minimize ASE noise. Experiment : pre-amp EDFA noise performance was characterized first at the preamp level through modeling using computer simulations. Then, pre-amp noise performance was characterized experimentally at the optical receiver level. BER is used to chk the performance. Inference : Optimised design was achieved with min ASE and optimum BER Scope: Further extension can be made by changing the pump power and greater coordination between the receiver and pre amplifier

[2]Akram Abu-aisheh, Hisham Alnajjar, Coordination of Pre-amp EDFAs and PIN Photon Detectors for Use Telecommunications Optical Receivers;Proceedings of The 2008 IAJC-IJME International Conference

2. Multistage erbium-doped fiber amplifier designs[3]

Introduction : Multistage EDFA has be used for design optimization

Experiment : Use high numerical aperture (NA) fiber in the input stage, and low NA fiber in the output stage, the former typically is greater than 0.25, and the latter is less than 0.20.

Inference : Such amplifiers can have high gain and low noise figure.
Scope : Pumping power variations can further extend the research

[3] J. M. P. Delavaux and J. A. Nagel, Multistage erbium-doped fiber amplifier designs, J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 13, pp703-720, 1995.

3. Design Optimization for efficient EDFA[4]

Introduction : optimization of fiber length,Lopt and NA has been carried out for constant ion concentration at different the pump powers Experiment : optisystem 5 used Inference : 1. Lopt directly prop. to pump power 2.NA to obtain maximum gain becomes less when pump power increased. Scope : Different ion conc. can be used to extend the research

[4] Parekhan M. Aljaff, and Banaz O. Rasheed, Design Optimization for Efficient Erbium- Doped Fiber Amplifiers, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 46 2008.

4. Highly Efficient Flat-Gain L-Band EDFA With Two-Stage Double-Pass Configuration [5]
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Introduction : L-band amplifiers suffer from excessive pump power consumption by backward propagating ASE. But they provide more efficient WDM systems using DSF. Experiment : Signal is input from port 1 of OC 1. After amplification in the forward direction, signal is reflected back by a feedback loop, (ports 1 and 3 of OC2 joined.) Signal is amplified again in backward dir & exits from port 3 of OC 1.The gain and noise figure for amp are measured using the interpolation technique from an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA).

Cont..
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Inference : a two-stage double pass L-band EDFA developed with a flattened gain of over than 33.5dB and a gain excursion of less than 1dB in the 1570 to 1600 nm wavelength range, which uses an optical circulator as the feedback reflection loop.

[5] S.W. Harun1 and H. Ahmad1; Demonstration of Highly Efficient Flat-Gain L-Band EDFA With Two-Stage Double-Pass Configuration. ECTI transactions on electrical eng. Electronics communication, Vol 2. No.1, Feb 2004

5. A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by particle swarm optimization[6]
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Introduction : pumping wavelength, input signal power, fiber NA, erbium-doped area radius, erbium conc., fiber length are optimized utilizing a fast and efficient method called particle swarm optimization algorithm. Experiment : a combination of fiber amplifier BW, gain, flatness are taken into account as objective function .A model of EDFA & its parameters are optimised with PSO. Inference :1. PSO outperforms genetic algorithm in convergence speed, straightforwardness, and coping with high dimensional spaces results obtained are better than the genetic algorithm . 2.Time taken for opt. is reduced by four times Scope : Different pump power and ion conc. can be used to extend the research
[6] A. Mowla and N. Granpayeh.; A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by particle swarm optimization; Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 3, 103118, 2008

6. A Numerical Analysis of R-EDFA for Long Haul Optical Fiber Communication System[7]
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Introduction : A simple and efficient design process of a remotely pumped single pass optimized Erbium doped fiber amplifier (R-EDFA) for repeaterless long haul optical fiber communication system (OFCS) by the numerical analysis of EDFA rate equation model. Experiment :

Parameters calculated using Runge Kutta & Relaxation method are used to simulate this model.

Inference : Pump power was kept min (10mW)and optimum fiber length(Lopt) was calculated.--19 m. Signal power and signal wavelength was also varied and Lopt was verified. Scope : Multisatge EDF can be used to further extend the result

[7] Nadir Hossain, v.Mishra, and A.W. Naji; A Numerical Analysis of R-EDFA for Long Haul Optical Fiber Communication System; 4th International Conf.,SETIT 2007.

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Gain Enhancement

Gain Flattening Techniques [8]

[8] Becker,P.C.,(1997), Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers-Fundamental and Technology., Academic Press.

1. EDFA with Flattened Gain Spectrum[9]

Introduction : EDFA is considered apt for amplification purpose since its gain band coincides with the third telecommunication window of silica fiber at 1.55microns. Gain spectra is irregular and a sharp peak observed. Experiment : Introduction of a Notch Filter in the doped fiber length Inference : Improvement in the Noise figure and also gain flattening is achieved

[9] M.Tachibana, R.I. Laming & D.N. Payne ,EDFA with Flattened Gain Spectrum ;IEEE Photonics Tech. Letter, Vol 3 , No. 2, Feb 1991

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2.An experimental investigation of the gain spectrum of EDFA under various system configurations [10]
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Introduction : Gain remains non-uniform with wavelength variation Experiment : In this single pass , double pass, Double pass with tunable band pass filter (TBF) are used . Both co- and counter pumping schemes are used Inference : 14dB (approx.) higher gain and lower ASE achieved by using double pass with TBF . Whereas no effect of pumping scheme

Scope : Pump powers can be altered to achieve better gain spectrum

[10] H.A.Abdul-Rashida, P.K.Choudhury , An experimental Investigation of the gain spectrum of EDFA under various system configurations,Optic Society , June 2008.

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3. Gain Equalization of EDFAs with Bragg Gratings

Introduction : Bragg Gratings can lead to gain flattening in EDFA Experiment :

Inference : Transmission schemes with wide-band Bragg gratings provided gain equalization better than 0.3 dB over the 32-nm band. The reflection scheme with narrow-band Bragg gratings gave the highest equalized gain with excursion smaller than 0.1 dB. This configuration allow simultaneous gain equalization, dispersion compensation and add/drop filtering. No significant NF degradation observed. Scope : Bragg gratings characteristics can be further altered to achieve better results
[10] M. Rochette, M. Guy, Gain Equalization of EDFAs with Bragg Gratings, IEEE Photonics Technology letters, Vol. 11, no. 5, May 1999

4. Gain Equalization of EDFA with Tuneable Long-Period Gratings[11]

[11] Thabiso J. Nhlapo, Pieter L. Swart, and Anatoli A. Chtcherbakov,Gain Equalization of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers with Tuneable Long-Period Gratings, Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa, 2006

Introduction : Non-uniform gain spectrum of EDFA restricts its usable amplifier BW. This leads to signal distortion and poor SNR performance. Experiment : an adaptive gain equalization technique of the gain spectrum for an EDFA by using a tuneable Long-Period Grating(LPG). LPG was fabricated by using an excimer laser and a metal mask. Inference : Gain equalization of an EDFA with tuneable LPG was successfully demonstrated. This is used in long-distance amplified lightwave communication systems to prevent the accumulation of relative gain differences among channels in WDM transmission. Better SNR.

5.EDFA Gain optimization for WDM Systems[12]

Introduction : Correctness of Gain non-uniformity in different channels of the WDM system Experiment : The system is simulated using Optisystem s/w to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through optimized fiber length and pump power.16 channel & single stage EDFA. This paper achieves gain flatness of EDFA by controlling the doped fiber length and the pump power.

Inference The optimum fiber length is 5m whereas the optimum pump power is 23mW. The system for 16-channel amplification was designed with 240.299dBintrinsically gain flatness from 1546nm to 1558nm BW.
Scope : Other parameters for gain flatness can be explored

[12] Farah Diana Mahad1 & Abu Sahmah Bin Mohd, EDFA Gain optimization for WDM Systems.;Electrika, Vol 11, No.1, 2009.

6. Gain Flattening Approach to Physical EDFA for 16 x40 Gb/s NRZ-DPSK WDM Optical Communication Systems [13]
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Introduction : Gain flattening without the use of any external component Experiment : The sixteen channels NRZ-DPSK signals transmission distance over 490 km at 40 Gb/s is simulated. Its uses EDFA 1 and EDFA 2 and pre-amp EDFA together that improves the receiver performance Inference : By using gain flatten approach 3, it is possible to achieve the transmission of sixteen channels at 40 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) over a transmission distance of 490 km by single-mode fiber and dispersion-compensating fiber at a span of 70 km with channel spacing of 200 GHz. We observed the bit error rate less than 10-9 and power of received signal more than -5 dBm with NRZ-DPSK format.

[13] Dr. Surinder Singh & Dr. R.S Kaler, Gain Flattening approach to physical EDFA for 16 x40 Gb/s NRZ-DPSK WDM Optical Communication Systems;Fiber & Integrated Optics , Vol 25 , Issue 5, 2006, Taylor & Francis .

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Noise Figure Improvement

1. Performance of Digital Optical Communication Link: Effect of In-Line EDFA Parameters [14]
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Introduction : OAs add noise to the amplified signal, and at some point, this noise becomes the dominant noise source. The understanding of the noise properties of OAs and the resultant effects on systems is of crucial importance Experiment : An in-line EDFA is used and optisystem7 is optical s/w implied. BER calculation is made by doping variation and fiber length

Inference : BER increases with Er doping but then becomes constant , BER is inversely prop. to doped fiber length Scope : Cascaded edfa system can be used to further reduction of noise

[14] Ahmed A. Elkomy1, Moustafa H. Aly2, Performance of Digital Optical Communication Link: Effect of In-Line EDFA Parameters, Optical Communications Research Group, UK.

2. Noise figure improvement of a double-pass EDFA by using a HiBi fiber loop mirror as ASE rejecter[15]
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Introduction : High gain L-band results in increased ASE. Noise figure improved Lband EDFA is achieved by utilizing the comb like reflection spectrum of high birefringence (HiBi) fiber loop mirror to inhibit ASE . Experiment Setup

Inference : The population inversion level at input side of EDF is promoted, which improves the noise figure. Output spectra is highly stable.
Scope : variation of HiBi fiber length can be made to further optimize the results

[15] Hao Zhang , Ling Yu, Yange Liu, Chao Wang, Yao Li;: Noise figure improvement of a double-pass EDFA by using a HiBi fiber loop mirror as ASE rejecter ; Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

3. Pre-amp EDFA ASE Noise Characterization for Optical Receiver Transmission Performance Optimization[16]
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Introduction : The pre-amp EDFA design needs to be optimized at two levels: the preamp/ photon detector subsystem level and the optical receiver level. Experiment : Testing the pre-amp-based optical receiver at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio at 1550 nm, the transmission performance was recorded at different input/output combinations. Inference : BER improved when pre-amp o/p power increased *. The results of the tests performed for this work shows a need for designing the pre-amp EDFA and photon detector as one subsystem to mitigate ASE. Scope : PIN gave the best result , further extension in result can be obtained using other Photo- detectors

[16] Akram Abu-aisheh, Hisham Alnajjar; Pre-amp EDFA ASE Noise Characterization for Optical Receiver Transmission Performance Optimization. University of Hartford

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Transient Response

1. EDFA Transient Response to Channel Loss in WDM Transmission System[17]

Introduction : No. of channels passing through an amplifier cannot be constant. Add/drop of channels effects the amplifier gain. Pump power can be used to control the amp gain.The response speed reqd. for surviving channel protection is governed by EDFA transient response in the Tx system. Experiment : The effect of channel loss on an EDFA in an 8 channel WDM n/w is investigated. 1,4 ,7 channels were dropped and the transient response was studied experimentally. Inference : For the pump control to min. the variations in the power of surviving channels , the response of control scheme must be in few tens of microseconds i.e. very fast so as to maintain Quality of system.

[17] A. K. Srivastava, Y. Sun, J, L, Zynskind. EDFA transient response to channel loss in WDM transmission system , IEEE Photonics Technologic Letters, Volume 9, No. 3, March 1997, pp. 386-388.

2. Analytical Formula for Transient response of EDFA

Introduction :An analytical formula for predicting the time dependent power behavior at the optical end of the EDFA when channels are added/dropped. Experiment : Perturbation Theory has been used to derive the analytic formula for the gain and the output pump power. The comparisons were made b/w analytical calculations & numerical simulations. Inference : Good match between both were observed. Scope : Stage variation can be made to analyse the results

[18] A. K. Srivastava, Y. Sun, J, L, Zynskind..Analytical Formula for Transient response of EDFA; Optical Society , Vol 38, No.9,March 1999.

3. Mitigation of Transient Response of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier for Burst Traffic of High Speed Optical Packets[19]
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Introduction : A method has been devised to mitigate the short term transient response w/o any external controlling . Experiment : EDF with diff. parameters than conventional has been employed which has lead to improvement of the EDFA emission characteristics.

A larger active erbium area removes the unwanted transients. Inference : EDFA adopting the EDF with enhanced erbium active area is able to suppress the gain excursion. Scope : Study can be extended by checking the adverse effect of area increase.
[19] Yoshinari Awaji, Hideaki Furukawa, Naoya Wada, Peter Chan, Ray Man, Mitigation of Transient Response of ErbiumDoped Fiber Amplifier for Burst Traffic of High Speed Optical Packets, Optical Society of America, 2007.

4. EDFA Gain Transients: Experimental Demonstration of a Low Cost Electronic Control [20]
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Introduction : EDFA show fast gain fluctuations after any abrupt change in input power. A sudden change in the input power leads to gain variations on surviving channels, resulting in possible out of service of some of them. Experiment : They have used low cost Electrical Control (EC) approach for transient control. The setup shown is used and results are simulated first without such a system and then then with the EC setup.

Inference : Without wastage of much of BW transients adverse affect on the gain was mitigated at LOW COST Scope : cost effective all optical system can be devised

[20] A. Bianciotto, A.Carena, V.Ferroro & R.Gaudino, EDFA Gain Transients: Experimental Demonstartion of a low cost Electronic Control, IEEE Photonics Technologic Letters, Vol 15, No. 10, Oct 2003

Problem Summary
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Area 1. Gain

Description Bell Laboratories, A.K Srivastva, P.C. Becker, E. Desurvire,etc

Problem Encountered Different gain flattening techniques such as using notch filter , bragg gratings , cascading,etc were employed Analytical formula derived for transient response and different all optical , electrical and other methods were employed for mitigation of transients.

2.Transients

A.K. Srivastva, Y. Sun, J, L, Zynskind, E, Desurvire,etc

3. Noise Improvement 4.Design Enhancement

Ahmed A. Elkomy1, Moustafa Parameters were varied to optimize H. Aly,etc. the noise performance Akram Abu-aisheh, Hisham Alnajjar, A. Mowla and N. Granpayeh,etc. Cascading , double pass approach , NA variation , doping area , variation of such parameters were used to optimize the design.

Parameters to be Investigated
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Gain Noise Fiber length Erbium doping Pump Power & wavelength Signal Wavelength Input and output Powers Type of EDFA viz.: inline, booster, pre-amp Numerical Aperture Transient Response

How will I proceed

Study different optimization algorithm esp. PSO and optimize the edfa parameters Cascaded EDFA for different improvements Exploitation of Transient response mitigation techniques Extend Gain flattening techniques Tools to be used :

Optsim Optisystem MATLAB

References
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[1]V.I Makkaveev, Optical Amplifiers in optical fiber communications;SPIE Publications, Vol 4680 , Feb 2002. [2] Akram Abu-aisheh, Hisham Alnajjar, Coordination of Pre-amp EDFAs and PIN Photon Detectors for Use in Telecommunications Optical Receivers; IAJC-IJME International Conference 2008 [3] J. M. P. Delavaux and J. A. Nagel, Multistage erbium-doped fiber amplifier designs, J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 13, pp703-720, 1995. [4] Parekhan M. Aljaff, and Banaz O. Rasheed, Design Optimization for Efficient ErbiumDoped Fiber Amplifiers, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 46 2008. [5] S.W. Harun1 and H. Ahmad1; Demonstration of Highly Efficient Flat-Gain L-Band EDFA With Two-Stage Double-Pass Configuration. ECTI transactions on electrical eng. Electronics communication, Vol 2. No.1, Feb 2004 [6] A. Mowla and N. Granpayeh.; A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by particle swarm optimization; Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 3, 103118, 2008 [7] Nadir Hossain, v.Mishra, and A.W. Naji; A Numerical Analysis of R-EDFA for Long Haul Optical Fiber Communication System; 4th International Conf.,SETIT 2007.

References
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[8] Becker,P.C.,(1997), Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers-Fundamental &Technology., Academic Press. [9] M.Tachibana, R.I. Laming & D.N. Payne ,EDFA with Flattened Gain Spectrum ;IEEE Photonics Tech. Letter, Vol 3 , No. 2, Feb 1991 [10] H.A.Abdul-Rashida, P.K.Choudhury , An experimental Investigation of the gain spectrum of EDFA under various system configurations,Optic Society , June 2008 [11] M. Rochette, M. Guy, Gain Equalization of EDFAs with Bragg Gratings, IEEE Photonics Technology letters, Vol. 11, no. 5, May 1999

[12] Thabiso J. Nhlapo, Pieter L. Swart & Anatoli A. Chtcherbakov,Gain Equalization of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers with Tuneable Long-Period Gratings, Rand AfrikaUniversity, South Africa, 2006
[13] Sun, Y., Zyskind, J. L., Srivastava, A. K., Zhang, L.: Analytical formula for the transient response of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Applied optics 38, 9 (1999) 1682-1685.

[14] Ahmed A. Elkomy1, Moustafa H. Aly2, Performance of Digital Optical Communication Link: Effect of In-Line EDFA Parameters, Optical Communications Research Group, UK.

References
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[15] Hao Zhang , Ling Yu, Yange Liu, Chao Wang, Yao Li;: Noise figure improvement of a double-pass EDFA by using a HiBi fiber loop mirror as ASE rejecter ; Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. [16] Akram Abu-aisheh, Hisham Alnajjar; Pre-amp EDFA ASE Noise Characterization for Optical Receiver Transmission Performance Optimization. University of Hartford. [17] A. K. Srivastava, Y. Sun, J, L, Zynskind. EDFA transient response to channel loss in WDM transmission system , IEEE Photonics Technologic Letters, Volume 9, No. 3, March 1997, pp. 386-388. [18]A. K. Srivastava, Y. Sun, J, L, Zynskind..Analytical Formula for Transient response of EDFA; Optical Society , Vol 38, No.9,March 1999. [19] Yoshinari Awaji, Hideaki Furukawa, Naoya Wada, Peter Chan, Ray Man, Mitigation of Transient Response of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier for Burst Traffic of High Speed Optical Packets, Optical Society of America, 2007. [20] A. Bianciotto, A.Carena, V.Ferroro & R.Gaudino, EDFA Gain Transients: Experimental Demonstartion of a low cost Electronic Control, IEEE Photonics Technologic Letters, Vol 15, No. 10, Oct 2003

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