Orthographic Projection

Drawings (Some Types)
Portraits ( human faces, expressions etc.) Engineering Drawings, (projections.)
Nature Drawings ( landscape, Geographical scenery etc.) Drawings ( maps etc.)
Botanical Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.)
Zoological Drawings (creatures, animals etc.)
Building Related Drawings.
Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) (Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms) (Working Drawings 2-D type)
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP ) Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP. TV is a view projected on HP. SV is a view projected on PP.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS: Planes. 2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES HP AND VP
PLANES
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.)
Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.)
Profile Plane ( P.P.)
A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES. ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT. BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN. THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION, A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION. THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
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Y X
VP FV LSV
PP Y TV
X
HP
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. 900
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Here views are drawn by placing object
Third Angle Projections Method Here views are drawn by placing object
in 1st Quadrant
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) ( SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION OF BOTH METHODS WITH AN OBJECT STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) ON ITS BASE.
in 3rd Quadrant.
Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
FV
TV
X
TV
NOTE:HP term is used in 1st Angle method & For the same Ground term is used in 3rd Angle method of projections
X
FV G
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT MEANS ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
FOR T.V.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP FV X TV HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
PP LSV Y
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
FOR T.V.
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV X LSV
Y FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS { MACHINE ELEMENTS }

OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS. THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES. AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES. THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW. FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP ) TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP ) SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE PROJECTION METHODS AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY. TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT MEANS ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
FOR T.V.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP FV X TV HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
PP LSV Y
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
FOR T.V.
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV X LSV Y
FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V. 2
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
TOP VIEW
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW 50
X
20
25
25
20
TOP VIEW
9 FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

TOP VIEW
10
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
11
TOP VIEW
12
FOR T.V.
TOP VIEW
13
FOR T.V.
35
FV
35 10
10
20
30
40 70
O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TV
FOR T.V.
14
FV
30
10
30
SV
30
10 30
TV
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FOR T.V.
15 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV
10 40 60
40
TV
60

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV
16
x
10
40
60
40 60
TOP VIEW
17
FRONT VIEW 40 20
L.H.SIDE VIEW 30 SQUARE
50
20
X O
10 30
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
F.V.
60
S.V.
FOR T.V.
18
FV
40
O
30 D
10 45
10
O
50
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
80
TV
19
FV X
10
40
O
100
10
25
TV
30 R
10
30
10
25
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD FOR T.V.
20
30
FV
RECT. SLOT
10 35
50
10 X 20 D
TV
60 D 30 D TOP VIEW
21
10
25
15
25 40 10 25
25
O
80 25
F.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
S.V.
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 22
450
30
FV
40
X
30 D
40
TV
15 40
23
HEX PART
20
30 20 40
20
50
O
20 15
O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
100 FRONT VIEW
30 60 L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24
20
FRONT VIEW 40
F.V.
30
10
X
10
30 10 30
80
T.V.
TOP VIEW
25
10 10 15
25
25
O
FV
50
10
LSV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
26
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
30
20
10
20 15
10
15
O
30 15
15
Y
50
F.V.
LEFT S.V.

Orthographic Projection

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Drawings (Some Types)

Portraits ( human faces, expressions etc.) Engineering Drawings, (projections.)

Nature Drawings ( landscape, Geographical scenery etc.) Drawings ( maps etc.)

Botanical Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.)

Zoological Drawings (creatures, animals etc.)

Building Related Drawings.

Machine component Drawings

Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

FV is a view projected on VP. TV is a view projected on HP. SV is a view projected on PP.

Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.)

Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.)

Profile Plane ( P.P.)

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE.

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS