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Brain Computer Interface

This document discusses EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). It begins by defining BCIs as communication systems that allow individuals to control devices through thought alone, without using muscles. It then provides a brief history of BCIs, describing early experiments with monkeys and humans. The document outlines the key components of a BCI system and different techniques used to detect brain activity, focusing on EEG. It describes how EEG measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes on the scalp. The document discusses different types of brain waves that can be measured via EEG and how they are classified. It concludes by discussing applications of BCIs and directions for future research.

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Gani Raja
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51 views

Brain Computer Interface

This document discusses EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). It begins by defining BCIs as communication systems that allow individuals to control devices through thought alone, without using muscles. It then provides a brief history of BCIs, describing early experiments with monkeys and humans. The document outlines the key components of a BCI system and different techniques used to detect brain activity, focusing on EEG. It describes how EEG measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes on the scalp. The document discusses different types of brain waves that can be measured via EEG and how they are classified. It concludes by discussing applications of BCIs and directions for future research.

Uploaded by

Gani Raja
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEG based Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

BY S.Mounika DEPARTMENT OF E.C.E

R.S.R ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Definition: A brain computer interface (BCI) is a communication system in which messages or commands that an individual sends to the external world do not pass through the brains normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles Enabling people (especially Paralyzed and locked in patients) to communicate and control devices by mere thinking

BCI Headlines in the News


Monkey thoughts control computer, March 2002
Brainwaves Control Video Games, BBC March 2004 Brainwave cap controls computer, BBC December 2004 Brain Could Guide Artificial Limbs Patients put on thinking caps, Wired News, January 2005 Computers obey brain waves of paralyzed, Associated Press, appearing in MSNBC News, April 6, 2005

History of brain Waves


In 1924 Berger was the first one who recorded an EEG from a human brain. By analyzing EEGs Berger was able to identify different waves or rhythms which are present in a brain as the Alpha Wave (8 12 Hz).

Monkeys first ...


In the 90s Nicolelis team did initial studies on rats, followed by the development of a BCI system . This data was used to translate the monkeys' movement to rudimentary robot action.

Human brain(characterstics)
Brain can be divided into 4 structures 1) Cerebral cortex 2) Cerebellum 3) Brain stem 4) Hypothalamus and thalamus Cerebral cortex can be divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere can be divided into 4 lobes 1) Frontal 2) Parietal 3) Occipital 4) Temporal lobes Different parts of the brain are active during different mental activities.

Classes of BCI (brain wave acquisition):


Invasive BCI

Non Invasive BCI


---EEG (Electroencephalography) signals

BCI components

A generic BCI system

Various tecniques in use to detect brain activity: FMRI(functional magnetic resonance imaging)
MEG(magneto encephalography) EEG(electro encephalogaphy)

real-time fMRI
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TJG S3 Runs 6 8 12: fft/pca, =-0.432, r2=0.653 for targets [1 2],[27 27] trials at 22.5Hz (bin 8) 0.25 0.2

real-time EEG

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real-time MEG

0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25

What is an EEG?
Electroencephalogram (brain waves) are small signal voltages detected on the surface of the scalp, due to electrical activity of millions of neurons in the brain . o Voltage level (0.1 -100V) o Frequencies (0.01 100 hertz) It is an approximation of the cumulative electrical activity of neurons

The region of EEG activity in the brain:The brain generates two types of electrical activity: Nerve cells communicate with each other through quick pulses of electric current called action potentials . Post synaptic potential

EEG characteristics
The electrical activity of the brain is continuous EEG doesnt collect activity of a single neuron, rather a summation of signals produced by many neurons. EEG signal is non stationary .

Advantages: o High precision time measurement o Equipment is inexpensive and simple to operate o Equipment is portable o Good temporal resolution (msec or even better) Disadvantages: o Poor spatial resolution o Highly susceptible to noise o Spatial smearing

Electrode placement on the scalp


EEGs require electrode cap attached to the scalp with sticky gel. The surface potential variation can be recorded by affixing an array of to the scalp Standard 10-20 System of electrode placement (Spaced apart 10-20%)
Letter for region F Frontal Lobe(white) T Temporal (green) C Center (blue) P Parietal (yellow) O Occipital (red) Number for exact position

Odd numbers - left Even numbers - right

Electrode Placement
A more detailed view (10 20 system of electrode placement)

Electrodes--- Gold or Silver Chloride (Agcl)

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
-- Amplifier with gain 100-1000000 --input impedence is 100Mohm. --CMRR >_ 100 dB Analog filters with cut-off 0.1-0.7 Hz. EEG RECORDING TECHNIQUES : it employs system consisting of Electrodes amplifiers and filters ADC Recording device

Equipment for EEG recording

Electrode cap with electrodes placed after 10-20 electrode placement system.

EEG classes :
Brain Wave characteristics: Two categories [1] Spontaneous (continuous)
Study of characteristics in different cognitive situations. Use a feature of the continuous EEG output that the user can reliably modify (waves) Example :Continuous brain rhythms (alpha, beta, Mu etc) ( and )

[2] Evoked brain waves (Event Related Potentials) Evoke an EEG response with an external stimulus (evoked potential)

Example : p300, VEP, ERS/ERD

1--Continuous Brain Waves

Generally grouped by frequencies (rhythms): (amplitudes are about 100V max)


Type Delta Theta Alpha Beta Frequency <4 Hz 4-7 Hz 8-12 Hz 12-36 Hz Location everywhere temporal and parietal occipital and parietal parietal and frontal Use occur during deep sleep, coma correlated with emotional stress (frustration & disappointment) Indicate relaxation and closed eyes can increase amplitude during intense mental activity (active thinking and attention) diminishes with movement or intention of movement correlated with visual attention

Mu Lambda

9-11 Hz sharp, jagged

frontal (motor cortex) occipital

--2 Evoked brain waves (Event Related Potentials)


These brain potentials are evoked by the occurrence of sensory stimulus Evoked Potentials(EP) is a subset of ERP that rise in response to certain physical (visual, auditory, etc) stimulus.

Example: Visual evoked potential (VEP), p300 evoked potential, etc.

o VEP-Changes in the EEG of visual cortex can be observed when the subject is exposed to visual stimuli.

BCIs and neurofeedback


machine learning
measurement of neuronal activity

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feedback of neuronal activity operant learning

Applications:
o Patient with severe movement disorders: Control external devices (neuroprosthesis, wheelchair) by mental focus o Entertainment (games)

BCI

www.gtec.at

Conclusions
BCI field is out of the demonstrations phase and is ready for clinical applications need for more intense multidisciplinary cooperation. Any new BCI technology should be focused on improving the quality of life of the end user. The BCI community needs a technology standardization committee. Future applications will probably leverage a more detailed picture of the brain waves.

THANK YOU

ANY QUERIES.???

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